Age of Jefferson Election of 1800 Jefferson Burr

Age of Jefferson

Election of 1800 } } } Jefferson & Burr received same # of electoral votes …. House of Rep was required to choose a president Hamilton disagreed on most issues Jefferson stood on and personally disliked Jefferson and believed Burr to be “a most unfit and dangerous man. ” It took 35 ballots, but Jefferson finally won. Significance of Election of 1800 #1 - Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another (bloodless revolution) #2 - To eliminate future problems 12 th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so their would never be a tie.

Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary } Midnight Judges § Judiciary Act of 1801 § Adams (F) last minute federal judicial appointments to keep power in last branch of government controlled } Marbury v. Madison (1803) Ø Background: President John appointed federal appointments ( midnight judges), including William Marbury as supreme court justice to District of Columbia. Thomas Jefferson, refused to recognize the Marbury appointment. Jefferson ordered Madison to not deliver commission papers and Marbury sued Madison, then Supreme Court took the case. Ø Ruling: Established Judicial review; Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional; Marbury was entitled to position but can not force action on one branch. “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. ” – Chief Justice John Marshall

Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801 -1809) Plantation and slave owner from Virginia } Statesman } § § § § Assemblyman Declaration of Independence Governor Minister to France Secretary of State Vice-President } Democratic-Republican } § Founded the party in opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists § Kentucky Resolution Inaugural Address } } “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. . . We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. ” “Renaissance Man” § Inventor, philosopher, architect, scientist

First Political Party System (1789 -1824) Alexander Hamilton ► Federalists § § § National policies Strong central government Loose constructionists Commerce and manufacturing Urban The rich, the well-born, the able; merchants, bankers § Pro-British ► Anti-French revolution § Northeast Thomas Jefferson ► Democratic-Republicans § § § States rights Strong local/state governments Strict constructionists Agricultural Rural Small farmers, plantation owners, artisans § Anti-British ► Pro-French Revolution § West and South

Anti-British/Pro-French • Almost allied with England went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. Against slavery • Owned 200 slaves Strict Construction of Constitution • Used loose construction of Constitution to justify his purchase of the Louisiana territory Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in the “real world”.

What is Jeffersonianism? • • Visualized an agrarian society Feared industrialization and its effects Farmers were the chosen class. Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives Educated should rule; Education needed for civic participation Champion for the Common Man Western Lands- did not believe NA and Whites could coexist. Support force removal of Indians. Appointed - General Harrison as Governor to carry out mission. Signed worthless Treaties. --- Leads to NA resistance and Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

Background: Napoleon wanted to restore French Empire in America but ran into two problems: 1. $$$$$$ 2. Unable to put down a Rebellion against French rule in Haiti led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave } Spanish authorities closed Port of New Orleans to Americans (1802)– Pinckney Treaty revoked Negotiations for Territory: § Ministers (Robert Livingston & James Monroe) sent to France to negotiate a sale § Ministers were instructed to commence negotiations w/ British if French would not yield § Napoleon needed $ for war against Britain- sold the entire territory for $15 mill Louisiana Purchase

Constitutionality of Purchase } Jefferson argued a strict interpretation of Constitution } Jefferson rejected Hamilton’s argument that certain powers are implied } BUT… Americans and Jefferson favored the purchase } No clause in Constitution stated that President could purchase land. BUT… no clause said he couldn’t } Consequences of Purchase: § Importance- Purchase more than doubled U. S. territory and Expanded powers of the president § Strengthened the Dem. Republicans popularity Federalists were viewed as Sectional elitists (New England) w/ an unwilling resolve better the country as a whole • } Jefferson submitted the purchase to Senate: argued that the land falls into the President’s ability to make treaties It facilitated the removal of eastern Native Americans by providing land for their exile

Map 7 of 45 Expansion of the United States with Louisiana Purchase 1803

1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Merriweather Lewis and explore north Louisiana Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark. Included York, an African American slave, Carried 21 bags of gifts } Sacajawea- Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark Significance: The Expedition yielded maps, knowledge of Native Americans, & overland trail to Pacific

§Defeated in NY Governor Race §The Duel- Hamilton is killed §Political career in ruins, he fled to the West § Essex Junto- Burr schemed to take Mexico from Spain and carve a new empire out of the Louisiana Territory § Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason §A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates } Washington and Adams § Paid bribes to Barbary states to avoid piracy } Jefferson § Barbary states increase bribes § U. S. Navy and Marines dispatched § Treaty reached in American favor

} Napoleonic Wars/ Britain vs France } British and French impressment of Americans } Chesapeake Affair • Chesapeake was sent to protect US merchant ships 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. • A British ship, Leonard, ordered it to stop, but it refused. • British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered • 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed Jefferson and the Embargo

• Americans wanted war • Jefferson response. Embargo Act of 1807 cut off trade with all foreign nations • Effects: hurt the US; New England economy collapsed (talks of secession started and smuggling became widespread) • Jefferson popularity declined and decided not to run again in 1808 •

A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out, “Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall be Conquerors!!!” “Our ships all in motion, Once whiten’d the ocean; They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo; Now doom’d to decay They are fallen a prey, To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO. ” • The Embargo Act was thus replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act by President Madison, which allowed U. S. exports and trade but not with France and Great Britain

Election of 1808 } } } James Madison (D-R) Charles Pinckney (F) Federalists gained congressional seats