The Child The Adolescent The Adult Social Development

The Child The Adolescent The Adult

Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

Stranger Anxiety • The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8 months of age Lasts until approx. 2 1/2

Attachment • An emotional tie with another person resulting in seeking closeness • Children develop strong attachments to their parents and caregivers. • Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all contribute to attachment.

Mary Ainsworth – Strange Situation Sensitive Parents: attention-giver, readily meets childs needs Secure attachment – play, explore, distress, re-contact Insensitive Parents: refuses attention, meets child’s needs on their own schedule. Insecure attachment– clingy, major distress or indifference to leaving and returning

Factors affecting attachment: -Neglect, abuse, and deprivation adversely affect attachment, however, differences in normal childrearing practices have no affect

• Daycare does not affect attachment • Temperament, chronic stress, and rejection can affect attachment • Cultural expectations can also play a role

Harry Harlow • Researched how body contact relates to attachment • The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food.

• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother…even if the other “mother” gave food!

Parenting Styles • No one type fits all • Different results for different children

Authoritarian Parenting • Low in warmth, discipline is strict and sometimes physical. • Communication high from parent to child and low from child to parent

• Maturity expectations are high. • Results- withdrawn & distrustful child

Permissive Parenting • High in warmth but rarely discipline • Communication is low from parent to child but high from child to parent.

• Expectations of maturity are low. • Results- Child with little selfcontrol, dependent on others

Authoritative Parenting • High in warmth with moderate discipline • High in communication and negotiating • Parents set and explain rules.

• Maturity expectations are moderate. • Results- Self- reliant & socially responsible child

Role Plays • In your groups you will receive a scenario. Using a role play, describe how an Authoritative, an Authoritarian and a Permissive parent would respond

Language

Language • From cooing to communication – In first months, babies are responsive to pitch , intensity and sound of language; people talk to babies w/ more varied pitch and intonation CLICK PHOTO TO HEAR “MOTHERESE”

Language – By 4 -6 months, babies have learned basic sounds of their language, and over time lose ability to perceive speech sounds in another language – Between 6 months to 1 year, babies enter the babbling phase; infants become more familiar with the sound structure of their native language

Starting around 11 months, babies develop repertoire of symbolic gestures; gestures spur language learning – Between 18 months and 2 years, 2 and 3 word combinations are produced; 1 st combinations have a telegraphic quality

Noam Chomsky – Is Language Innate? • Chomsky observed that children can figure out a sentence’s deep structure from the surface structure, therefore the brain must contain a language acquisition device that enables children to develop a language if they are exposed to it.

Language (Chomsky –Innate? ) – Children all over the world go through similar stages of linguistics development – Children combine words in ways that adults never would, so they could not be simply imitating adults

• Moral Development

• Heinz Dilemma • After listening to Heinz’s story, write down what you think he should have done and WHY

Lawrence Kohlberg • The 3 Levels of Moral Development • Moral level is determined by answers people give to hypothetical moral dilemmas

Level One – Preconventional morality (self interest up to 10) • This level is characterized by the desire to avoid punishment or gain reward – Stage 1 – fear punishment for disobedience – Stage 2 – in their best interest to obey

Level 2 – Conventional morality (10 through Adult) • This Level is characterized by the Primary concern of fitting in and playing the role of a good citizen • People have a strong desire to follow the rules and laws. • Typical of most adults – Stage 3 – based on conformity and loyalty – Stage 4 – a “law-and-order” orientation

Level 3 – Postconventional (“principled”) morality (Adolescence- through Adulthood) • This level characterized by an appreciation of Universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people • Most adults do not reach this level. – Stage 5 – values and laws are relative and change; recognition that people hold differing standards – Stage 6 – standard based on universal human rights

• Limitations to theory 1. Stage theory tends to over look cultural and educational influences on reasoning 2. People’s moral reasoning is often inconsistent across situations 3. Moral reasoning and behavior are often unrelated

What is Adolescence?

Adolescence • The period between childhood and adulthood • From puberty (the start of sexual maturation) to independence from parents

Physical Development in Adolescence

Puberty • The period of sexual maturation where the person becomes capable of reproducing • Starts at approximately age 11 in females and age 13 in males • Major growth spurt

Physical Development

Primary Sex Characteristics • The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible • Ovaries in females • Testes in males

Secondary Sex Characteristics • Nonreproductive sexual characteristics • Breasts and hips in females • Facial hair and voice changes in males

Sexual Characteristics

Sexual Orientation • One’s attraction toward people of a particular gender • Usually heterosexual or homosexual; small minority bisexual

Heterosexual • A sexual orientation in which a person is attracted to members of the opposite sex • “straight”

Homosexual • A sexual orientation in which a person is attracted to members of the same sex • Approximately 3 -4% of the male population and 1 -2% of the female population

Social Development in Adolescence

Erikson • Constructed an 8 stage theory of social development • Each stage has its own psychosocial, developmental task: a “crisis”.

Trust v. mistrust • Infancy to 1 year • If needs met, infant develops a sense of basic trust, otherwise will develop mistrust

Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt • 1 to 2 years • Learn to exercise and do things for self or they will doubt their abilities

Initiative v. guilt • 3 to 5 • Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

Competence v. Inferiority • 6 years to puberty • Appropriate expectations develop pride and competence, negative experiences may lead to feelings of inferiority

Identity v. Role Confusion • Teens into 20 s (Adolescence) • Refining sense of self by testing roles – challenging authority eventually find SELF or become confused about who they are

Intimacy v. Isolation • 20 s to 40 s (Young Adulthood) • Forming close relationships • Deeper love or socially isolated

Generativity v. Stagnation • 40 s to 60 s (Middle Adulthood) • Discover sense of contributing to the world or they may feel lack of purpose

Ego integrity v. Despair • 60 and up • Reflecting on life either feel satisfied or failure

Social Development in Adolescence: Developing Identity

Identity • A strong, consistent sense of who and what a person is, search through: –Experimentation –Rebellion –“Self”-ishness –Optimism and energy

Intimacy • A close, sharing, emotional, and honest relationship with other people (primary task of early adulthood) • Not necessarily one’s spouse or a sexual relationship

Adulthood –How easily one passes between stages depends on cultural and economic factors –Erickson showed that development is an ongoing process that is never finished

Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood? • Traumatized children are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems • Evidence from the following suggest that negative effects are not inevitable

• Partnerships formed • Parenthood • Work (double shift) • Midlife crisis/transition

• Menopause • Retirement • Change in relationshipsempty nest, death of family & friends

Death Denying culture • Stages of Dying • (D-A-B-D-A) • Kubler-Ross