Child and Adolescent Development Physical Development Motor Development

Child and Adolescent Development

Physical Development Motor Development Brain Development Language Development Exceptional Development

Physical Development Height Weight Body Proportion (ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph) Handedness Vision

Physical Development Motor Development Brain Development Language Development Exceptional Development

Motor Development age-related changes efficiency of voluntary movements in the physical

Reflexes Rooting Sucking-swallowing-breathing Gag Moro Crawling Grasping Walking

Stages of Motor Learning Cognitive Phase Associative Phase Autonomous Phase

Categories of Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Reading, talking, writing, drawing, sewing, cooking, etc Gross Motor Skills Lifting, playing sports, etc

Physical Development Motor Development Brain Development Language Development Exceptional Development

Brain Development The best way to influence the brain development is by contributing towards an active interaction with your child. Provide ample opportunities to child to help him develop his brain and flourish accordingly. Let children learn at their own pace.

Physical Development Motor Development Brain Development Language Development Exceptional Development

Language Acquisition Theories Innatist Theory by Noam Chomsky (Theory of Universal Grammar) Cognitivist Theory by Jean Piaget Social Contextual Theory by Lev Vygotsky

Other theories include… Imitation Theory Reinforcement Theory Active Construction of Grammar Theory

Physical Development Motor Development Brain Development Language Development Exceptional Development

Atypical Development Children exhibit behaviors that fall outside of the normal, or expected, range of development: Some children show patterns of behaviors that are unusual or markedly different from their peers. There is a world of difference between a skill that is delayed and one that is disordered.

Exceptional Development This commonly refer to learners with exceptionalities as persons who are different in some way from the “normal” or “average”. The term “exceptional learners” includes those with special needs related to cognitive abilities, behaviour, social functioning, physical and sensory impairments, emotional disturbances, and giftedness.

Mental Retardation Learning Disabilities Language Problems Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Exceptionalities Disorder Sensory Impairments Autism Cerebral Palsy

Disability vs. Handicap Disability a disability is a measurable impairment or limitation that “interferes with a person’s ability, for example to walk, lift, hear, or learn. It may refer to a physical, sensory, or mental condition. Handicap A disadvantage that occurs as a result of a disability or impairment. The degree of disadvantage (or the extent of the handicap) is often dependent on the adjustment made by both the person and his environment.

Mental Retardation Refers to significant sub-average intelligence and deficits in adaptive behaviour. There is difficulty in managing activities of daily living and in conducting themselves appropriately in social situations. a. Mild Retardation – IQ scores 55 to 69, adult capacity 8 -11 years old; b. Moderate Retardation – IQ scores 40 -54; adult capacity 5 -7 years old; c. Severe Retardation - IQ scores 25 -39; adult capacity 3 -5 years old; d. Profound retardation – IQ scores below 25; adult capacity, less than 3 years old

Learning Difficulties Involve difficulties in specific cognitive processes like perception, language, memory, or metacognition that are not due to other disabilities like mental retardation, emotional or behavioural disorders, or sensory impairments. Dyslexia Dysgraphia Dyscalculia

Language Problems language delays or language disorders diagnosed when a child’s speech, verbal expression, and/or understanding of language are significantly less well developed for his age. Aphasia: Wernicke’s, Broca’s, Global

Sensory Impairments Visual Impairment – conditions when there is malfunction of the eyes or optic nerves that prevent normal vision even with corrective lenses. Hearing impairment – occurs when some part of the hearing apparatus malfunction with resulting hearing loss and possible impairment or loss of the ability to speak.

Cerebral Palsy Refers to various disorders of movement and posture that are due to damage/ abnormality of the immature brain.

Autism A condition manifested by different levels of impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviours and limited interests. Individuals with autism usually have an intense need for routine and a predictable environment.

ADD/ADHD Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are neurochemical disorders that interfere with attention.

Children with ADHD may exhibit… 1. Restless as evidenced by fidgeting with hands or feet. 2. Leaving his seat when remaining seated is expected. 3. Running about or climbing when remaining seated. 4. Being “on the go” or often acting as if “driven by a motor” 5. Blurting out answers before questions are complete 6. Difficulty waiting for his turn 7. Interrupting on others conversations or activities 8. Not paying attention to details or making careless mistakes 9. Difficulty paying attention to what needs to be done 10. Seeming not to listen when spoken to directly 11. Not following through when given directions, failing to finish activities.

Giftedness Children who have special ability in art or music, mechanical ingenuity, or leadership qualities. SUPERIOR – 120 to 125 IQ GIFTED – 135 or 150 IQ and above EXTREMELY GIFTED – 170 to 180 IQ and above

God bless you.