Adolescent and Adult Development By Wendy Nguyen Rupa

Adolescent and Adult Development By: Wendy Nguyen, Rupa Karki, Emina Mehmedovic

Adolescent ● Development period spanning the transition from childhood to adulthood ○ ● ● Major physical changes like puberty and brain development Puberty- first physical change that happens in adolescence ○ ● ● Beginning 10 to 12 years of age and ending at 18 to 21 years of age Period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation Sexual Maturation- hormonal changes are the main part of pubertal development Certain hormones like testosterone and estradiol increase dramatically during puberty

Adolescent ● ● ● Testosterone- androgen associated in boys with the development of genitals, increase in height, voice changes Estradiol- estrogen associated in girls with the development of breast and uterine Adolescent Brain ○ Changes happen in the limbic system

Physical Changes in Early Adulthood ● Emerging adulthood Early Adulthood ● Hearing loss is common with age ○ ● ● Starting at 18, hearing begins to gradual decline 20’s are the healthiest physical development Strength and speed declines during the 30’s

Physical Changes in Late and Middle Adulthood ● Many physical changes in the 40’s and 50’s ○ ● Skin begins to wrinkle and sag ○ ● ● Loss of fat Age spots appear Hair becomes thinner and grayer ○ ● ● Changes in appearance Lower replacement rate and a decline in melanin production Women will enter menopause Physical strength declines and motor speed slows; bones become brittle

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development ● Schemas to make sense of experience ○ ● Two processes responsible for how people use and adapt ○ ○ ● Mental framework that organizes information and provides a structure for interpreting it Assimilation Accommodation Stages of Cognitive Development ○ ○ Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational

Formal Operational Stage ● ● Begins at 11 -15 and continue to adulthood Thinking about things ○ ○ ○ ● Idealistic thinking ○ ● Not concrete Making prediction Using logic Comparing how things are to how they might be Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning ○ More scientific thinking, devise to solve problems and systematically testing solutions

Cognitive Processes in Adulthood Early Adulthood ● ● ● Deciding on a particular worldview Recognizing that the worldview is subjective Understanding diverse worldviews Middle Adulthood ● Reach their peak of range in intellectual skills Late Adulthood ● Intelligence decline ○ ● Others are obtained or may even increase Decision making and ability to solve problems decline

Erikson’s Theory of Socioemotional Development ● 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to adulthood ○ ● Emphasize a person’s psychological life ○ ● Represents the developmental task that the individual must master at a particular place in a lifespan Shaped by social relationship and challenges Stages: ○ ○ ○ ○ Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Identity Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generativity vs Stagnation Integrity vs Despair

Socioemotional Development Identity vs Identity Confusion (10 -20 Years) ● Seeking question: ○ ● Who they are, what they are all about and where they are going in life Identity Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation (20 s to 30 s) ● ● Refers to challenge of forming intimate relationship with others Becoming socially isolated

Socioemotional Development Generativity vs Stagnation (40 s to 50 s) ● Generativity- creation of values that will benefit future generations ○ ● Opposite is stagnation Made lasting and memorable contribution to the world Integrity vs Despair (60 s to �� ) ● ● Looking back- evaluating life, seeking meaning, coming to terms with death Integrity- experience life in a meaningful way without fear of death ○ Opposite is despair- absence of integrity

Moral Development ● Changes that occur with age and people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors ○ ● Kohlberg’s Theory - Three broad levels ○ ○ ○ ● Regarding principal and values that guide them as they interact with others Preconventional- moral reasoning based on consequence of a behavior and punishment and rewards Conventional- abides by standards learned from parents or society laws Postconventional- recognizes moral courses, explores options, then develops increasingly personal moral code Neglect culture morality ○ How relate to each other is culture by influencing how people navigate moral dilemmas

Questions 1) What stage in Piaget’s theory begin to describe adulthood? 2) Name two socioemotional stages that relate to adolescence and adulthood. 3) What is Kohlberg’s three broad levels of moral development?