Reproduction and DNA Notes I Reproduction a Reproduction

Reproduction and DNA Notes

I. Reproduction a. Reproduction is the process by which an organism produces ______ others of the same kind. b. The two types of reproduction are sexual and _____. asexual _____

ØQuick Quiz ØName the 2 types of reproduction. ØSexual and asexual reproduction

II. Asexual Reproduction a. Asexual reproduction is when a single parent produces an ______ offspring that is genetically ______ identical to the ____. parent Fission _____ 1. _____, Budding and ________ Regeneration are types of asexual reproduction.

b. Fission is when a prokaryotic organism _______ divides into two ______ identical organisms. Bacteria reproduce 1. _____ asexually by fission.

Examples of Fission

c. Budding is when a new organism grows from the ______ parent body of the ____ organism. 1. When the _____ bud on the parent becomes large enough, it breaks away on its ____ own.

Examples of Budding

regeneration d. In ________ (fragmentation), a whole organism grows from just a part of the parent organism or can be used to _____ re-grow damaged or lost parts.

Examples of Regeneration

ØQuick ØWhat Quiz is asexual reproduction? ØWhen a parent makes an offspring identical to itself.

ØQuick ØWhat Quiz is fission? ØWhen a parent produces an organism identical to itself.

ØQuick ØWhat Quiz is budding? ØWhen a new organism grows from the body of the parent.

ØQuick Quiz ØProvide an example of an organism that undergoes regeneration? ØStarfish

III. Sexual Reproduction a. Sexual reproduction is when ______ sex cells (egg & sperm) from two parents _____ join together to produce an _____. offspring

1. _______ fertilization is when two sex cells, an egg & ____ sperm _____ come together. 2. The new cell that forms is called a zygote ____.

b. Sex cells are produced by a process called meiosis Meiosis _____. happens in the reproductive organs ________ of plants and animals.

c. Meiosis starts with one cell. There are two divisions of the _____ nucleus with ___ 4 sex cells produced, each containing ___ 23 chromosomes (in humans). http: //www. lewport. wnyric. org/jwanamaker/animations/meiosis. html Ø http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash. html Ø

ØQuick ØThe Quiz process that produces sex cells is called ______. Ømeiosis

ØQuick ØAt Quiz the end of meiosis, ______ sex cells are produced. Ø 4

ØQuick Quiz ØHow many chromosomes are in the human sex cells? Ø 23

IV. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) a. DNA is found in the nucleus of the cells. _____ genetic b. It is _____ material that holds information for the _______ the organism.

c. ________ Chromosomes are made of DNA molecules.

d. When a cell divides, DNA in the _____ copied and nucleus is ____ passed to the new cells.

e. Sometimes ______ mistakes happen when DNA is copied. This is called a _____. mutation Ultraviolet light, nuclear radiation, and certain chemicals can damage DNA by altering nucleotide bases so that they look like other bases.

1. Mutations can cause changes in traits ______. Some changes are _____, harmful helpful and some are ____ some don’t help or hurt the organism. 2. Mutations in sex cells can offspring be ____ passed on to _____.

ØQuick Quiz ØChromosomes are made up of _____. ØDNA

ØQuick Quiz ØMutations in sex cells can be passed on to the ______. ØOffspring

f. The DNA molecules are made strands up of two twisted _____ connected together by ______ chemical bonds.

1. The DNA structure resembles a twisted ladder ____.

2. The sides of the DNA “ladder” are sugar made of the _______ deoxyribose and phosphate molecules. 3. The “rungs” of the DNA “ladder” are made of the bases nitrogen __________ adenine, thymine, cytosine & _____ guanine.

ØQuick ØThe Quiz DNA structure looks like a _____________. ØTwisted ladder

ØQuick ØThe Quuiz sides of the ladder are made of _______. ØSugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules

ØQuick ØThe Quiz steps (rungs) of the ladder are made of __________. ØNitrogen bases

ØQuick ØName Quiz the 4 bases. ØAdenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine