DNA RNA PROTEINS STUDY GUIDE DNA Why is

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DNA, RNA, PROTEINS STUDY GUIDE

DNA, RNA, PROTEINS STUDY GUIDE

DNA Why is it important? - Contains hereditary material - Directs cell function

DNA Why is it important? - Contains hereditary material - Directs cell function

WHAT THREE THINGS MAKE UP DNA? 1. phosphate 2. deoxyribose sugar 3. nitrogenous bases

WHAT THREE THINGS MAKE UP DNA? 1. phosphate 2. deoxyribose sugar 3. nitrogenous bases WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? -nucleus

DESCRIBE THE SHAPE OF DNA sugar backbone -nitrogenous bases bonded with a hydrogen bond

DESCRIBE THE SHAPE OF DNA sugar backbone -nitrogenous bases bonded with a hydrogen bond “double helix” -

WHAT ARE THE 4 NITROGENOUS BASES? - Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C) -

WHAT ARE THE 4 NITROGENOUS BASES? - Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C) - Thymine (T)

WHICH ONES PAIR TOGETHER? Adenine-Thymine A-T Guanine-Cytosine G-C *PURINES-double ring of carbon & nitrogen

WHICH ONES PAIR TOGETHER? Adenine-Thymine A-T Guanine-Cytosine G-C *PURINES-double ring of carbon & nitrogen Adenine & Guanine *PYRIMIDINES-single ring of carbon & nitrogen Cytosine & Thymine

COMPLEMENTARY BASES GATTACA CTAATGT

COMPLEMENTARY BASES GATTACA CTAATGT

DNA REPLICATION WHEN DOES IT OCCUR? “S” phase of interphase WHY DOES IT OCCUR?

DNA REPLICATION WHEN DOES IT OCCUR? “S” phase of interphase WHY DOES IT OCCUR? because the cell divides

THREE STEPS OF REPLICATION 1. helicase separates double helix “unzips” it 2. DNA polymerases

THREE STEPS OF REPLICATION 1. helicase separates double helix “unzips” it 2. DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides 3. DNA polymerases finish replicating DNA and fall off

WHAT IS A MUTATION? An incorrect nitrogenous base is added to a DNA molecule.

WHAT IS A MUTATION? An incorrect nitrogenous base is added to a DNA molecule. WHERE IS THE MUTATION? CATGATC GTACAAG

FOUR TYPES OF MUTATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. Deletion Insertion Inversion Duplication

FOUR TYPES OF MUTATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. Deletion Insertion Inversion Duplication

PROTEINS AND RNA WHAT IS A GENE? A segment of DNA that is located

PROTEINS AND RNA WHAT IS A GENE? A segment of DNA that is located on a chromosome and that codes for a hereditary character.

HOW DO GENES DETERMINE OUR TRAITS? The gene directs the making of a trait

HOW DO GENES DETERMINE OUR TRAITS? The gene directs the making of a trait WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PROCESS THAT CREATES Mrna FROM A DNA SEQUENCE? Transcription

WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT CREATES A PROTEIN FROM m. RNA? Translation WHY ARE

WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT CREATES A PROTEIN FROM m. RNA? Translation WHY ARE PROTEINS IMPORTANT TO EVERYDAY LIFE? They do important work in cells, such as protecting the body against infections and carrying oxygen in RBC

WHAT ARE AMINO ACIDS? An organic molecule that makes up proteins. The amino acid

WHAT ARE AMINO ACIDS? An organic molecule that makes up proteins. The amino acid will determine the shape of the protein and the shape is critical to the proteins function

RNA VS DNA Sugar ribose sugar deoxyribose Contains AUGC Contains ATGC Single stranded double

RNA VS DNA Sugar ribose sugar deoxyribose Contains AUGC Contains ATGC Single stranded double stranded Shorter long BOTH nucleic acids made up a nucleotides

THREE TYPES OF RNA Messenger RNA (m. RNA) Ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) Transfer RNA

THREE TYPES OF RNA Messenger RNA (m. RNA) Ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) Transfer RNA (t. RNA)

RNA JOBS? m. RNA- carries the instructions from a gene from DNA to ribosomes

RNA JOBS? m. RNA- carries the instructions from a gene from DNA to ribosomes r. RNA-make up ribosomes t. RNA-transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein.

RNA TRANSCRIPTION TAKES PLACE IN THE: Nucleus in eukaryotic cells and DNA region of

RNA TRANSCRIPTION TAKES PLACE IN THE: Nucleus in eukaryotic cells and DNA region of cytoplasm or prokaryotic cells

THREE STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION? 1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter(initiates transcription) 2. RNA polymerase

THREE STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION? 1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter(initiates transcription) 2. RNA polymerase adds free RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides on one of the DNA strands.

3. RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal. Upon reaches this “stop” signal, RNA

3. RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal. Upon reaches this “stop” signal, RNA polymerase releases both the DNA and the newly formed RNA.

RNA POLYMERASE An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template

RNA POLYMERASE An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template TERMINATOR SIGNALa specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene

COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING ATCCGATTA RNA- UAGGCUAAU DNA-

COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING ATCCGATTA RNA- UAGGCUAAU DNA-

RNA TRANSLATION Making of proteins WHAT IS INVOLVED IN THIS? translation or decoding of

RNA TRANSLATION Making of proteins WHAT IS INVOLVED IN THIS? translation or decoding of genetic instructions to form a polypeptide WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? proteins are critical for living things

5 STEPS OF TRANSLATION 1. (initiation) t. RNA and m. RNA join together. Enzymes

5 STEPS OF TRANSLATION 1. (initiation) t. RNA and m. RNA join together. Enzymes attach a specific amino acid to one end of each t. RNA according to the genetic code. 2. (elongation)The polypeptide chain is put together

3. (elongation) The polypeptide continues to grow 4. (termination) ribosome reaches the stop

3. (elongation) The polypeptide continues to grow 4. (termination) ribosome reaches the stop codon. The newly made polypeptide falls off. 5. (disassembly) The ribosome complex falls apart.

CODON -The three nucleotide sequence in m. RNA that encodes an amino acid or

CODON -The three nucleotide sequence in m. RNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or start signal AUG-start UAA, UAG- stop

HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT AMINO ACIDS ARE ADDED TO A PROTEIN CHAIN? By

HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT AMINO ACIDS ARE ADDED TO A PROTEIN CHAIN? By using the genetic code

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