PHONOLOGY Prof Rajendra Rajput Assistant Professor PHONOLOGY Systematic

PHONOLOGY Prof. Rajendra Rajput Assistant Professor

PHONOLOGY : Ø Systematic use of sounds in Language. Ø Spoken Language. Ø Science of speech sounds of Language.

PHENEME : A smallest distinctive sound unit Speech sounds of Language.

Phonetics : 4 The study of speech sounds.

What is the difference? Share your ideas with a partner. Phonetics The study of speech sounds. Phonology The study of the Language

Organs of Speech :

Speech Mechanism : 4 Concept is formulated 4 Air stream coming out in Speaker’s brain. 4 Linguistic codification is transmitted by Speech Organs. of the lungs. 4 Speech organs play their own role in the production of Speech sounds.

Minimal Pairs 4 Two words with different meanings that are the same except for one sound that occurs in the same place in each word 4 Example: cap, cab or cat, mat

Vowels :

(Pure Vowels/ Monophthongs) 4 1. /i: / 4 2. /I/ 4 3. /e / 4 4. /æ/ 4 5. /a: / 4 6. /ɒ/ initially east it end art ox medially sheet hit send sand heart fox finally key duty car

(Pure Vowels/Monophthongs) 7. /ɔ: / 8. /U/ 9. /u: / initially all put ooze 10. / / up 11. /з: / 12. /ə/ earn ago medially ball choose finally saw chew cup learn police stir maker

Places of articulation

Vowels :

Vowels :

Vowels

Diphthongs : 4 13. /eɪ/ 4 14. /əʊ/ 4 15. /aɪ/ 4 16. /aʊ/ 4 17. /ɔɪ/ 4 18. /ɪə/ 4 19. /eə/ 4 20. /uə/ eight oak ice out oil ears airs cured straight joke mice shout boil beard paired tour stay slow my how boy peer hare

Consonant sounds 4 1. /p/ 4 2. /b/ 4 3. /t/ 4 4. /d/ 4 5. /k/ 4 6. /g/ initially pin bin tell day keep get medially spin tubs stick heads skill jugs finally keep club light laid stick bag

Consonant sounds initially medially finally 4 7. /ʧ/ chin reached teach 4 8. / ʤ / joke hinged large 4 9. /m/ met net rings lot smoke snake sing fling team tin 4 10. /n/ 4 11. /ŋ/ 4 12. /l/ full

Consonant sounds 4 13 /f/ 4 14. /v/ initially fan van medially finally soft if leaves thief 4 15. /ɵ/ thin months bath 4 16. /ð/ then clothes bathe

Consonant sounds 4 21. /h/ 4 22. /r/ 4 23. /w/ 4 24. /j/ initially hot rot watt yatch medially finally behave try sweat tune

4 Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. (Often creates near rhyme. ) Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long “a” sound. )

Place of Articulation : 4 Labial: Consonants whose main restriction is formed by the two lips coming together have a bilabial place of articulation. In English these include [p] as in pet [b] as in bear, and [m] as in met. 4 Dental: Sounds that are made by placing the tongue against the teeth are dentals. The main dentals in English are the [th] of thing or the [dh] of though, which are made by placing the tongue behind the teeth with the tip slightly between the teeth.

Place of Articulation (2/3) 4 Alveolar: The alveolar ridge is the portion of the roof of the mouth just behind ALVEOLAR the upper teeth. . 4 Palatal: The roof of the mouth (the palate) rises sharply from the back of the alveolar ridge. The palato-alveolar sounds [sh] (shrimp), [ch] (china), [zh] (Asian), and [jh] (jar) are made with the blade of the tongue against this rising back of the alveolar ridge. The palatal sound [y] of yak is made by placing the front of the tongue up close to the palate.

Place of Articulation (3/3) 4 Velar: The velum or soft palate is a movable muscular flap at the very back of the roof of the mouth. The sounds [k] (cuckoo), [g] (goose), and [N] (kingfisher) are made by pressing the back of the tongue up against the velum. 4 Glottal: The glottal stop is made by closing the glottis (by bringing the vocal folds together).

Manner of Articulation : 4 All consonants are produced by restriction of airflow 4 Manner of Articulation: How the restriction is produced: – complete or partial stoppage 4 A stop is a consonant in which airflow is completely blocked for a short time. 4 This blockage is followed by an explosive sound as the air is released. The period of blockage is called the closure and the explosion is called the release. 4 English has voiced stops like [b], [d], and [g] as well as unvoiced stops like [p], [t], and [k]. 4 Stops are also called plosives

Manner of Articulation (2/5) 4 Nasal sounds [n], [m], and [ng] are made by lowering the velum and allowing air to pass into the nasal cavity. 4 Fricatives, airflow is constricted but not cut off completely. The airflow that results from the constriction produces a characteristic “hissing” sound. – The English labiodental fricatives [f] and [v] are produced by pressing the lower lip against the upper teeth, allowing a restricted airflow between the upper teeth. The dental fricatives [th] and [dh] allow air to flow around the tongue between the teeth. – The alveolar fricatives [s] and [z] are produced with the tongue against the alveolar ridge, forcing air over the edge of the teeth. – In the palato-alveolar fricatives [sh] and [zh] the tongue is at the back of the alveolar ridge forcing air through a groove formed in the tongue.

Manner of Articulation (3/5) 4 Fricatives, airflow is constricted but not cut off completely. The turbulent airflow that results from the constriction produces a characteristic “hissing” sound. – The higher-pitched fricatives (in English [s], [z], [sh] and [zh]) are called sibilants – Stops that are followed immediately by fricatives are called affricates; these include English [ch] (chicken) and [jh] (giraffe).

Manner of Articulation (4/5) 4 In approximants, the two articulators are close together but not close enough to cause turbulent airflow. In English [y] (yellow), the tongue moves close to the roof of the mouth but not close enough to cause the turbulence that would characterize a fricative. 4 In English [w] (wood), the back of the tongue comes close to the velum. 4 American [r] can be formed in at least two ways; with just the tip of the tongue extended and close to the palate or with the whole tongue bunched up near the palate.

Some places of articulation: bilabial consonants lips p pie b buy m mute w wood

Labiodental consonants upper teeth lower lip f fine v vine

Dental consonants upper teeth tip of tongue θ thin ð this

Alveolar consonants alveolar ridge tip/blade of tongue t tie d n night l die light s Sue z zoo

Post-alveolar / palato-alveolar consonants ʃ shoe, pressure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep Ʒ pleasure r rack

Palatal consonants j yes

Velar consonants velum back of tongue k curl g girl ŋ rang

Some manners of articulation: plosives or stops Bilabial: p b Alveolar: t d Velar: k g

Fricatives (think friction) Labiodental: f v Alveolar: s z Palato-alveolar or post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ

Oral Nasal (Velum is lowered, allowing air to enter the nasal cavity)

Nasals Bilabial: m Alveolar: n Velar: ŋ

Summary of Places of Articulation Bilabial (lips) p b m w • Labiodental (lips and teeth) f fine v vine • Dental (tongue and teeth) θ thin ð then • Alveolar (tongue and alveolar ridge) tdsznl • Palato-alveolar (tongue and front part of hard palate) ʃ shoe ʒ measure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r • Palatal (tongue and hard palate) j yes • Velar (tongue and velum) k g ŋ running • Glottal (glottis) h •

Summary of manners of articulation 4 Plosive / Stop pbtdkg 4 Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h 4 Affricate (stop + fricative) ʧ ʤ 4 Nasal m n ŋ 4 (lateral) l

Syllable : 4 One sound prominent than others. 4 It is usually vowel. 4 Exam- cat 4 Sometimes a consonant can occupy the central position in a syllable. 4 Exam- cotton 4 They are called syllabic consonants. 4 They can form a syllable without a vowel.

Syllables : 4 One syllable – monosyllabic 4 Two syllables – disyllabic 4 Three syllables – trisyllablic.

Word Accent : 4 Important feature of English. 4 A masculine force on some syllables. 4 It gives words music. 4 A word is made of syllables , while a sentence is made of words. 4 All the words in a sentence are not equally important as all the syllable are not equally important in a word.

Word Accent : 4 Those that are more prominent than others are said to receive the accent. 4 It is due to Stress – greater masculine force.

Types of Accent : 4 Primary Accent : The syllable on which there is a pitch change. 4 vertical bar above and in front of the syllable. 4 Exam : able captain master 4 Secondary Accent : Any other prominent syllable. 4 Vertical bar below the syllable.

Stress Shift : 4 Weather the word is used as a noun , an adjective or a verb. 4 The accent is on the first syllable when the word is a noun / an adjective. 4 Accent is on the second syllable when it is a verb. 4 Exam : object

Intonation : 4 Continual variations 4 The voice is pitched. 4 Speaking voice resembles singing voice. 4 Intonation can be used to convey information that is not expressed by the words. 4 Stress and intonation are linked to give the effect of prominence.

4 The speakers emotions degree of intensity effect intonation. 4 Used by native speakers of language. 4 Foreign speakers need a lot of practice.

Tone : 1) Static : a) High level tone : vertical bar above. b) Low level tone : vertical bar below 2) Kinetic : a) a falling tone b) A rising tone c) Falling rising tone

Falling Tone : 4 In an ordinary statement made without emotions. Exam : the water is warm. 4 Questions beginning with Wh – Exam : What is your name ? 4 In commands Exam : Come here.

Rising Tone : 4 In complete utterances. Exam : It’s seven o’ clock. 4 In questions which demand an answer. Exam : Are they coming? 4 Questions in warm friendly manner. Exam : How is your mother ? 4 In polite requests. Exam : Please sit down.

Falling – Rising Tone : 4 Special implication. 4 The listener should understand more than a literal interpretation of the words. 4 Apology, unpleasant news, happiness, doubt. 4 Exam : The houses are nice.

Thank you Best Of Luck