Selected Phonological Rules Processes Assimilation Dissimilation Feature Changing

Selected Phonological Rules / Processes Assimilation Dissimilation Feature Changing Segment Insertion Segment Deletion Movement / Metathesis Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2007. An Introduction to Language, 8 th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, pp. 274 -282.

Distinctive Features Consonantal Stop Continuant Labial Voiced Nasal /p/ + + – – /b/ + + – /m/ + + – + + + Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2007. An Introduction to Language, 8 th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 267.

Segment Deletion / g / before Word-Final Nasal A B sign design paradigm signature designation paradigmatic sign designs / signing designs / designing Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2007. An Introduction to Language, 8 th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 279.

Segment Deletion: / b / after Word-final / m / A B bomb iamb crumb climb comb lamb bombardier iambic crumble bombing / bomber iambs crumbs climbing / climber combs / combing lambs Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7 th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 310.

Segment Deletion: Optional Unstressed Syllable Deletion mystery general memory funeral vigorous Barbara mystry genral memry funral vigrous Barbra Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2007. An Introduction to Language, 8 th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 279.

Phonemic Representations and Phonetic Realizations A compete medicinal maintain telegraph [i] [I] [e] [ɛ] B competition medicine maintenance telegraphy [ǝ] [ǝ] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2007. An Introduction to Language, 8 th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 282.

Phonemic Representations and Phonetic Realizations A analysis solid phone Talmudic B [ æ ] analytic [ǝ] [a] solidify [ǝ] [o] phonetic [ ǝ ] [ʊ] Talmud [ǝ] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2007. An Introduction to Language, 8 th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 282.

English Syllable Structure σ Onset Rime Nucleus s p l I Coda n t s Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2007. An Introduction to Language, 8 th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 287.

Chinese Syllable Structure σ Onset Rime Glide Nucleus Coda OPTIONAL ( ) N ( ) { Nasal } { Glide } { Nothing } { -r } Adapted from The Segmental Phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan, fourth edition. Raung-fu Chung. Kaohsiung: Fu-Wen Books, 1995.

Analysis Procedure 1. Collect data 2. Look for phonological patterns and the contexts (or environments) that show similarities or differences (See TIP) 3. Organize data according to patterns or contexts 4. Identify the allophones and their associated environments 5. Formulate a generalization or rule TIP: Look for minimal pairs and complementary distribution

Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 7, p. 302) English Alveolar non-sonorant consonants become palatalized before (high) front glide that is before a high back vowel +cons –cons +alveo +palatal / __ –syllabic +syllabic –sonor +high +front +back

Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 8, pp. 302 -303) Japanese Analyze [ t ], [ tʃ ], [ ts ] a. Complementary distribution? Yes b. [ tʃ ] before [ i ] [ ts ] before [ u ] [ t ] in other places c. All three are allophones of / t / d. Use / t / everywhere [SURPRISE!]

Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 9, p. 303) Paku (made-up language for TV show) 1. Predictable Stress: penultimate syllable 2. Nasalization of vowels is NOT distinctive. Rule: +nasalization of vowel before a nasal consonant

Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 11, p. 304) English Word a. [phril] b. [skritʃ ] e. [gnost. Ik] “Foreign” c. [khnow] d. [maj] Possible English Word

Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 11, p. 304) English Word f. [jũnǝkhɔrn g. [fruit] h. [blaft] i. [ŋar] j. [æpǝphlɛksi] Possible “Foreign” English Word