Session 5 Phonology I Phonology on the Segmental

Session 5 Phonology I Phonology on the Segmental Level Phonology of Fluent Speech

Please note! The next Mini-Exam on Phonetics and Phonology is on 28 October at 8: 10 (!) Check the morrissey. unibe. ch website towards the end of the week for mock exam questions Intro to Ling © FAM 2

Last week we • • revisited the consonants, their articulation and their IPA symbols looked at the formation of vowels and the terminology • • front vs. back high/close vs. low/open lip rounding looked at the IPA symbols for vowels explored Daniel Jones’ vowel trapeze and Well’s Standard Lexical Sets monophthongs, diphthongs and triphthongs Intro to Ling © FAM 3

3. 1 Introduction: Transcription Phonetic transcription (wide or narrow): [ k O: ksk u: ] • • detailed representation of the segments language-independent Phonemic transcription /k. Okskru/ • • • simpler representation of segments ideally same symbols as orthographic script using the sound repertoire of a language Intro to Ling © FAM 4

3. 2 Segmental Phonology 3. 2. 1 Categorising speech sounds ? s s e n e ki: r k i: a w a k. E@ k E@ l a c i k. A: k A: g o l o h k u: l ku: l c y s p ortho- wide position of articulators graphic trscr. script key stop sound produced close to palatal region care stop sound produced in the velar region car stop sound produced close to the uvular region cool Intro to Ling narrow trscr. stop sound produced with lip rounding © FAM 5

3. 2. 1. 1. Phonemes and Allophones a) grin green gr. In grin distinctive pairs of speech sounds vowels face faith fe. Is fe. IT consonants Intro to Ling © FAM 6

Intro to Ling © FAM 7

3. 2. 1. 1. Phonemes and Allophones a) grin green gr. In grin distinctive pairs of speech sounds vowels face faith fe. Is fe. IT consonants s. INk@n TINk@n German: no contrast in meaning Intro to Ling sinken © FAM 8

3. 2. 1. 1. Phonemes and Allophones b) grin green gr. In grin minimal pairs S E face M faith E N fe. IT fe. Is O PH /i/ /I/ [i: ] [I] /s/ /T/ [s] [T] differ in meaning differ in one speech sound only indicate Intro to Ling © FAM 9

3. 2. 1. 1. Phonemes and Allophones c) S E N O y H r P a t O n L L e A m e n l o p i t m u o b i c r t n i dis phonemic phonetic trscr. trsc. Description car decry /k. A/ /d. Ikra. I/ [k A: ] [d k a. I] scar Scotch /sk. A/ /sk t. S/ [sk. A: ] [sk t. S] doctor subject /d kt@/ [d k t@] /s. Vbd. Z@kt/ [s. Vbd. Z@k t] Intro to Ling k is aspirated Environment word- or syllableinitially after a consonant at not aspirated the beginning of a syllable before a plosive in a not released cluster/ at the end of a syllable © FAM 10

3. 2. 1. 1. Phonemes and Allophones d) Allophones are • actual realisations of (abstract) phonemes • not distinctive (unlike phonemes) • conditioned by their phonological environment always ? Intro to Ling © FAM 11

3. 2. 1. 1. Other Allophones How do you pronounce either [a. ID@] [i: D@] s t n a i r va e e fr economics [i: k@"n m. Iks] [Ek@"n m. Iks] Intro to Ling © FAM 12

3. 2. 1. 2 Overview Phoneme Allophone in complementary distribution Intro to Ling © FAM free variant 13

3. 2. 2 Segments in Fluent Speech Intro to Ling © FAM

3. 2. 2. 1 Assimilation a) singular plural trnscr. cabs k bz caps k ps cods k dz cots k ts tags t gz tacks t ks waves we. Ivz life lives la. Ivz la. If voiceless plosive at the end of the word leads to /s/ progressive ( ) assimilation /z/ changes the voiceless to a voiced fricative regressive ( ) assimilation Intro to Ling © FAM 15

3. 2. 2. 1 Assimilation b) n o i t a l unmarked forms i y m i h s s grap a ) indirect immobile direct mobileho ort ( e on v i s t s inaccessible imbalance accessible balance c e r a g p e m r i hinfallible t impossible fallible possible i w Prefixation with in- sane Intro to Ling insane logical © FAM illogical 16

3. 2. 2. 1 Assimilation c) orthographic script transcription careful speech transcription fluent speech unkind un"ka. Ind u. N"ka. Ind incoherent Ink@U"hi: r@nt INk@U"hi: r@nt encapsulate @n"k psj. Uleit @N"k psj. Uleit Intro to Ling © FAM 17

3. 2. 2. 2 Epenthesis singular plural transcription in English after sibilants and affricates ending in sibilants passes p. As. Iz bushes b. USIz dodges d d. ZIz we insert the minimal / reduced vowel /I/ (or possibly a / / or a /@/) skr t. SIz to avoid the combination of two sibilant segments. scratch Intro to Ling scratches © FAM 18

3. 2. 2. 3 Elision / deletion element deleted careful speech fluent speech orthographic script consonant /m. Vn. Ts/ /"f m. Il. I/ vowel /"f m@l. I/ / cluster /tw. Elf. Ts/ /m. Vns/ months /"f ml. I/ family /tw. Elz/ twelfths syllable /"n. Ev@ma. Ind/ /"n. Ema. Ind/ never mind word /"r k @nd r@Ul/ /"r k. NÙ%r@Ul/ Rock and Roll Intro to Ling © FAM 19

3. 2. 2. 4 Crossing word boundaries: Coalescence orthogr. script careful speech fluent speech IZ Si: ISi: orthogr. script careful speech fluent speech these yobs Di: z j bz Di: Z j bz is she Iz Si: this shock DIs S k DIS S k/ DIS k this yacht DIs j t DIS j t good bid g. Ud b. Id g. Ub b. Id / gub. Id good game g. Ud ge. Im gug ge. Im / g. Uge. Im good morning g. Ud m. O: n. IN g. Ub m. O: n. IN / good night gum. O: n. IN g. Ud na. It g. Un na. It/ guna. It that part D t p. A: t D p p. A: t / D p. A: t that morning D t m. O: n. IN D p m. O: n. IN ten plates t. En pleits t. Em ple. Its / t. Emple. Its ten cups t. En k. Vps Intro to Ling © FAM t. EN k. Vps 20

3. 2. 2. 4 Crossing word boundaries: linking/liaision a) Il y a-t-il en Maa eme-n-e Maa a + apple an apple the + orange [DI ? In. Z] vodka and tonic v dk@ @n t n. Ik Intro to Ling © FAM 21

3. 2. 2. 4 Crossing word boundaries: linking/liaision b) across syllable boundaries brewing "bru: IN across word boundaries brew it bru: It after rounded vowels showing "S@U IN show us S@U Vs liaison uses lip-rounded /w/ seeing "si: IN see all "si: l after unrounded vowels agreeing @"gri: IN agree on @"gri: n the alveolar semivowel is used Intro to Ling © FAM 22

That’s it for today… …see you next week when we will be looking at… Sound in larger units Phonology II Intro to Ling © FAM 23