Neutrinos Dark Matter and Dark Energy Gennady Y

Neutrinos, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy Gennady Y. Chitov Department of Physics Laurentian University Lecture series: Philosophy and Cosmology, LU, Sudbury, November 6, 2019

Supported by:

Collaborators on the neutrino project: Sayan Mandal, Carnegie Mellon, USA Tina Kahniashvili, Carnegie Mellon, USA Tyler August, Laurentian, Canada Aravind Natarajan, Carnegie Mellon, USA References: 1. G. Y. Chitov, T. August, N. Aravind, T. Kahniashvili, PRD (2011) 2. G. Y. C. , Po. S (2012), ar. Xiv: 1112. 4798 3. S. Mandal, G. Y. C. , T. Kahniashvili, et al, preprint, November 2019

Outline: 1. Asymptotic relation between physics and philosophy (big questions) 2. Change of paradigms 3. Current composition of the Universe 4. DE, DM, and neutrinos: Towards unification 5. More big questions

Physics is asymptotically connected to Philosophy: L- scale, N- number of particles Cosmology, Space-Time, Universe, Multiverse Anthropic principle (weak, see fig. ) Where/what we are? Big Questions Quantum mechanics (causality, particle-wave dualism) Microcosm: atoms, quarks Foundation? Standard Model Transformation of Quantitative to Qualitative Change (Hegel) (aka “more is different”) 2 nd Law, Arrow of Time, Emergence vs Reductionism, Life (and death)

Universe or Multiverse https: //www. smithsonianmag. com/science-nature/can-physicists-ever-prove-multiverse-real-180958813/

Anthropic principle http: //www. eoht. info/page/Anthropic+principle

Philosophy of science:

Ad hoc philosophy of a physicists (G. Y. C. ): • Nature is knowable • Nature is governed by laws • Mathematics (“unreasonably (? ? ? ) effectively”) expresses the laws of Nature

Change of paradigms: blackbody radiation ether drag Boltzmann Maxwell Galileo Newton Greeks Obscurity Classical physics XIX-XX

Beginning of XX century: Revolution Quantum Mechanics: Planck, Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrödinger Relativity Later additions Modern physics Einstein Casualties: Paradigms Fallen • • Cartesian determinism Absolute space and time Particles, waves dualism, thing-in-itself Decoupled Nature and observers “does the world exist if nobody looks at it? ” QFT SM

Standard Model (SM) of elementary particles Evolution of the Universe Based on General Relativity (GR)

1998 -now https: //courses. lumenlearning. com/astronomy/chapter/what-is-the-universe-really-made-of/

Composition of the Universe: Bookkeeping https: //www. researchgate. net/figure/Current-Energy-Composition-of-the-Universe_fig 3_280792843 References: DE/DM-dominated era

Dark Energy and Cosmological Constant Einstein (1917) Dark Energy, Anti-Gravity (“Gravitational Repulsion”)

Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy Observations: (1998) QFT & other theories: (vacuum energy)

“Standard Model” of Cosmology: Shut up and calculate!!! Take: 1. 68% of unknown (DE=cosmological constant) 2. 27% of unknown (DM) 3. 5% of conventional matter (origin of neutrino mass (? ? ? ) beyond the SM of particles) Calculate the fate of the Universe

Improved model: quintessence • neutrino mass is not related to Higgs field, but due to the quintessence field Model can be extended to have 1. light particles (neutrino) 2. heavy particles (DM) • cosmological evolution is governed by this scalar field • current value of the quintessence potential gives the observable DE (68%)

Extension of the toy model – Towards Unification: Seesaw, Active /Sterile Majorana Neutrinos, DE 1. Toy Model (previous analysis): WHERE IS DM ? ? ? 2. Extension of the Model (a la nu. MSM, Shaposhnikov et al, 2005 -) (i) Standard Dirac term in the Lagrangian: where the Dirac mass is due to Yukawa coupling with Higgs scalar: (ii) Plus Right-Handed Majorana Neutrino term: where the Majorana neutrino mass is due to DE (quintessence)

Results: 1. Two Majorana Fermions with eigen-masses: (a – active, light) (s – sterile, heavy) 2. Minimization (mass) equation:

Growing Mass, Sterile neutrino DM-candidate Decreasing Mass, active neutrino two Reasonable results Inflation? ? ? More work in progress

Big (asymptotically philosophical) Questions: 1. Cosmological Constant = Vacuum Energy = DE seems to be unavoidable Why? Fine tuning? Universe Multiverse 2. Zoo of DM particles? ? ? 3. What if GR is wrong? ? 4. QM + GR ? ? Quantum Gravity 5. Nature of space-time D-dimensions Discrete growing network World as a hologram

From M. E. J. Newman, Networks: An Introduction, OUP, 2010

Anatoly Fomenko, artistic vision: consecutive eversion of 2 D sphere embedded in 3 D space. From A. Fomenko, D. Fuchs, A course of homotopic topology, Moscow, 1989

Anatoly Fomenko, artistic vision: deformation of a torus in the complex From A. Fomenko, D. Fuchs, A course of homotopic topology, Moscow, 1989 space.

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