Keene State College New Hampshire Marj Droppa Ph

Keene State College – New Hampshire Marj Droppa, Ph. D Dick Jardine, Ph. D Investigating Wellness Status & GPA among Two First-Year Cohorts ACHA Annual Conference 2013

Session Objectives Objective 1 Relationship between wellness & academics Objective 2 Impact of risky health behavior on success of first-year cohorts Objective 3 Using research to keep our first-years in school

Objective 1 Relationship between Wellness and Academic Performance

The Cost of Dropout 1/3 don’t return First-year students $3. 8 billion income $566 million federal taxes $164 million state taxes

Cost to the student Earnings 22 -50% Dropout Lifespan 5 years Debt

Health-related Academic Impediments 1. Stress – 29% 2. Sleep – 20% 3. Anxiety – 19% 4. Cold/flu – 14% 7. Depression – 11. 3%

4 -year study � 2 first-year cohorts �Entry – Graduation �Race/ethnicity

College Population is Unique By 2017: 20 million college students First generation Female Black, Hispanic, Asian Veterans Disabilities

COLLEGE WELLNESS SURVEY Sexual Wellness Emotional Wellness Physical Wellness Drug/Alcohol Wellness

Student Scores Overall Wellness Score in each Wellness Dimension Drugs/Alcohol Sexual Wellness Emotional Wellness Physical Wellness

Health-Academic Relationship GPA Success Higher Wellness

Break time!

Objective 2 Impact of risky health behavior on first-year academic performance

Institution comparison – Respondent racial composition KSC First Year White Hispanic Multiracial Native American Asian Black Other

Respondent gender 100% 90% Percentage of students 80% 70% 60% male 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% KSC 1 st KSC 2 nd TAMU 1 st TAMU 2 nd female

Difference in GPA from first-second year was not significant

MEAN WELLNESS SCORE 81% 80% 79% 78% KSC 1 st KSC 2 nd TAMU 1 st TAMU 2 nd Sophomores at KSC were less well than in their 1 st year

Significance testing of difference in mean wellness scores Hypothesis test results: μ 1 k : mean of KSC 1 st μ 2 k : mean of KSC 2 nd μ 1 k - μ 2 k : mean difference H 0 : μ 1 k - μ 2 k = 0 HA : μ 1 k - μ 2 k ≠ 0 Hypothesis test results: μ 1 T : mean of TAMU 1 st μ 2 T : mean of TAMU 2 nd μ 1 T - μ 2 T : mean difference H 0 : μ 1 T - μ 2 T = 0 HA : μ 1 T - μ 2 T ≠ 0 Difference Sample Mean Std. Err. DF T-Stat P-value μ 1 K - μ 2 K 0. 0175 0. 0081 318. 89 2. 160 0. 0314 μ 1 T - μ 2 T -0. 0019 0. 0084 508. 35 -0. 225 0. 822 CONCLUSION: KSC students’ wellness score worsened from first to the second year, and the difference is statistically significant. CAVEAT: Data distribution skewed, not a probability sample, groups not independent

Numerical summary of Wellness Survey scores Wellness score mean standard deviation KSC 1 st 0. 804 0. 090 KSC 2 nd 0. 787 0. 103 TAMU 1 st 0. 793 0. 102 TAMU 2 nd 0. 797 0. 089 65. 7 50. 9 23. 3 33. 9 64. 5 49. 1 22. 5 33. 8 66. 7 51 21. 7 33. 3 66. 7 51. 4 21. 2 34 Dimension subscore (mean ) D&A Sexual Physical Emotional • KSC students’ wellness scores dropped across all dimensions • Which wellness dimension had significant effect on GPA?

Logistic Regression Analysis � Logistic regression analyzes relationships between dichotomous response variable (e. g. , higher and lower GPA) and categorical or quantitative explanatory variables (e. g. , Wellness Score) � Combines the explanatory variables to determine the probability that the response variable would occur � Logistic regression requires no assumptions of normality or of similar variability in the explanatory variables � Applied Logistic Analysis Hosmer, Lemeshow and Sturdivant

Logistic Regression Analysis � Logistic regression results Dependent Variable: High GPA Independent Variable(s): Weighted Wellness Score Parameter estimates Variable Estimate Std. Err. Zstat P-value Intercept -4. 438 1. 459 -3. 042 0. 0023 Wellness Score 0. 020 0. 0083 2. 423 0. 0151 Odds Ratio 1. 020

Logistic Regression Analysis �

Logistic Regression Analysis �Conclusion: Student GPA performance most significantly influenced by their propensity to smoke cigarettes.

TAMU-CC Cohort Demographics, GPA, and Wellness

TAMU-CC Demographic Statistics % High GPA Mean Weighted Wellness Score Female (n = 151) 49. 7% 0. 79 Male (n = 73) 38. 4% 0. 82 � While women claimed to have higher GPA, their wellness score was lower than their male counterparts

TAMU-CC Demographic Statistics race Asian Biracial Black Hispanic Multiracial White n 12 11 18 89 11 94 % High GPA 75. 0% 36. 4% 44. 4% 43. 8% 81. 8% 45. 7% Mean Weighted Wellness Score 0. 85 0. 80 0. 79 0. 83 0. 79 Students who reported as Asian or multiracial had higher Wellness scores and reported higher GPA � If resource constrained, intervention should be targeted on the Hispanic and White student groups �

Objective 3 Using research to keep our first-year students in school

Poster Activity Questions SOPHOMORES Freshmen programming focus? If use our analysis, what would you have to change on your campus? Please share Drugs & Alcohol Smokers

What is Next � 2 more years of First-Year Cohorts study �New Wellness Survey �New Collaborations

The Future

Would you like to collaborate? Marj Droppa, Ph. D Keene State College, New Hampshire Email: mdroppa@keene. edu

Questions