Just or Unjust Wars Is there such a

Just or Unjust Wars Is there such a thing as a “good” war? A “necessary” war? 1 What are examples?

Videos and links that would be great to preview https: //m. youtube. com/watch? v=y 59 w. Er qg 4 Xg https: //www. khanacademy. org/humanitie s/history/euro-hist http: //www. ushistory. org/us/45. asp watch 45 a-d 2

America & World War I

What are the words and images associated with WWI: A review from World Civ— https: //animoto. com/play/3 j. Ky 1 Yjg. SHb. Dmy Macg 4 YNw 4

w MAIN Causes of WWI 1. Militarism – the aggressive buildup of a nations armed forces. 2. Alliances – nations formed partnerships to help protect and defend themselves. 3. Imperialism – stronger nations began to take over weaker nations. 4. Nationalism – everybody thought their nation was the best.

The First World War: What? • War involving nearly all the nations of the world When? • 1914 -1918 6

The First World War: Why? Long term 1. Alliance system 2. Imperialist Competition 3. Stockpiling of Weapons Austria - Franz Ferdinand & daughter of Leopold Salvator. Upper right: Cardinal Nagle 7 Short term Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

The First World War: Who? Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire These 3 were The Triple Alliance Bulgaria 8 Allies: Russia France Great Britain These 3 were the. Triple Entente Italy Japan United States (1917)

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Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war? • America was isolationist • “Why should I get involved in someone else’s problems” • QUESTION: Is isolationism really an option for a country as powerful as the United States? 10

Which side should the US pick? Central Powers: Allies: • 11 million German. Americans • Irish-Americans hated Great Britain • Close cultural ties • Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories) • Big business loaned much $ to allies US Exports to both sides: 11

Despite being neutral: American business took advantage of the European need for food, raw materials, and munitions. Prosperity! Labor Unions could demand better conditions for workers. 12

What did it take to get the US involved? 1. Blockades • Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships going to America • Germany announced a submarine war around Britain 13

What did it take to get the US involved? 1. Blockades • In May, 1915 Germany told Americans to stay off of British ships • They could/would sink them 14

What did it take to get the US involved? 1. Blockades • Lusitania torpedoed, sinking with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans) • Was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition 15

What did it take to get the US involved? 1. Blockades • The US sharply criticized Germany for their action • Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the future, the Sussex Pledge (1916) 16

What did it take to get the US involved? 2. Unlimited Submarine Warfare • 1917 Germany announced “unlimited submarine warfare” in the war zone Why risk it? So desperate. Need for supplies. To make their blockade more successful 17

What did it take to get the US involved? 3. Zimmerman Note • Britain intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico • It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back in return for an alliance to occupy/distract US 18

What did it take to get the US involved? • Zimmerman Note and the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war • Wilson wants a war of redemption, a crusade, for the future of democracy. 19

How was the war looking for the allies? Not Good. . . • Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917 • Made it a one front war for Germany - all its troops could concentrate on France 20

Convincing the American People Posters - Gee!! • How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea? 21

Convincing the American People Idealism: 2 Goals For War: 1. War to End All Wars 2. Making the World Safe for Democracy 22

Convincing the American People Idealism: Fourteen Points What? President Wilson’s Plan for after the war • Fourteen promises, including freedom of the seas & a League of Nations to work for peace 23 President Woodrow Wilson

What did the US do to help? Supplies: • US provided the food, money, and fresh troops needed to win the war • Liberty bonds ($17 billion) • U. S. borrows - $20 billion in bonds 24

Selective Service Act of 1917 Two categories of objectors • Religious pacifists – includes member of established, recognized pacifist sects (Quakers, Mennonites, Brethren) • Exempted from active military service; most worked in aid service or on a farm • Conscientious objectors - Religious objectors unaffiliated with pacifist religious denominations or people opposing for political or ethical reasons • Only 3, 989 of 2. 8 million men inducted claimed this status; most accepted non-combat duty • However, 1, 400 absolutely said NO! • They are court-martialed and imprisoned in solitary

Lever Food and Fuel Control Act �Food Administration ◦ “Food Can Win the War” ◦ Victory Gardens; Meatless Mondays; Wheatless Wednesdays; Prohibition (Volstead Act) 26

�Fuel Administration ◦ Daylight Savings time to extend daylight hours ◦ Gasless Sundays; heatless Mondays 27

War Industries Board �Had the power to regulate all materials needed in the war effort �“no steel, copper, cement, rubber, or other basic materials could be used without our approval” ◦ Bernard Baruch �Industrial 28 production increases 20%

• Trade with the Allies grew rapidly, nearly $8. 25 million in business was conducted in 1914 • This increased to $3 billion by 1916 • Allied govts. borrowed money from U. S. Banks. • This business and trade persuaded businesses to side now with the Allied Powers 29

How did the War Affect the US? Women • Women filled factory jobs • May have led to the 19 th Amendment after the war (Gave women the right to vote) African Americans • Black soldiers still served in Segregated Units 30 • “Great Migration” - thousands of African Americans moved North to work in factories

Women during the War 31

Great Migration of African Americans 32

How did the War Affect the US? Enforcing Loyalty • Hatred of all things German • Ex. “Liberty Cabbage” • Espionage Act 1917 & Sedition Act of 1918 punished those against the war • Committee on Public Information • Importance of propaganda • “ 4 Minute Men” 33

What is propaganda? The spreading of ideas or information to further or damage a cause

WWI Propaganda: Objectives • Recruitment of soldiers • Financing the war • Eliminating dissent and unifying the country • Conservation of resources • Participating in home-front organizations

WWI Propaganda: Tools • Demonization • Emotional appeals • Name calling • Patriotic appeals • Half-truths or lies • Catchy slogans • Evocative visual symbols • Humor or caricatures

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Another way to eliminate dissent In 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act • Punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty • What would you define as “aiding the enemy? ” • What would you make the punishment?

In 1918, Congress passed the Sedition Act • This law made it illegal for Americans to “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal. . . or abusive language” criticizing the government, the flag, or the military. • What defines “criticizing? ” • More than 1, 000 opponents of the war were jailed

Schenck v. United States ◦ Unanimous opinion ◦ Many things that can be said in peacetime can cause problems for the government and danger for soldiers in wartime ◦ Some limits needed to be place on individual free speech during wartime to ensure the country’s overall safety ◦ “Clear and present danger” 68

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Impact of WWI on Europe 70