Samnite Punic Wars Romes Greatest Wars Last Time

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Samnite & Punic Wars Rome’s Greatest Wars

Samnite & Punic Wars Rome’s Greatest Wars

Last Time… • • Brennus & the Senones (Gauls) 390 BC Rome sacked Records

Last Time… • • Brennus & the Senones (Gauls) 390 BC Rome sacked Records lost

Samnite Wars 343 -290 BC • Fought for control of southern Italy • Romans

Samnite Wars 343 -290 BC • Fought for control of southern Italy • Romans first build roads to the south

Battle of Caudine Forks – 321 BC • • Samnites crush Roman phalanx Romans

Battle of Caudine Forks – 321 BC • • Samnites crush Roman phalanx Romans forced under the yoke Romans adopt maniple Romans win the war & control southern Italy

Greek Phalanx Roman Maniple

Greek Phalanx Roman Maniple

Problems with Expanding • Carthage o Phoenician colony o “Punici” in Latin

Problems with Expanding • Carthage o Phoenician colony o “Punici” in Latin

The Punic Wars (264 B. C. to 146 B. C. )

The Punic Wars (264 B. C. to 146 B. C. )

1 st Punic War • 264 B. C. to 241 B. C. • In

1 st Punic War • 264 B. C. to 241 B. C. • In and around Sicily • Economic dominance

The Mamertines • Mercenaries hired by Agathocles of Syracuse • Capture Messana in 288,

The Mamertines • Mercenaries hired by Agathocles of Syracuse • Capture Messana in 288, become raiders & pirates • Syracuse is upset, fights them and is winning • Mamertines ask for help from Carthage, then Rome

The Debate • Roman Viewpoints – Side with trolls who unjustly took a city?

The Debate • Roman Viewpoints – Side with trolls who unjustly took a city? – Allow Carthage to expand its power and take over Sicily? • Decision: side with trolls – Starts out Rome/Mamertines vs. Carthage/Syracuse

Landing in Sicily • Romans relieve Messana & subdue Syracuse • Meanwhile, Carthage raises

Landing in Sicily • Romans relieve Messana & subdue Syracuse • Meanwhile, Carthage raises an army • Carthaginian Plan: hold onto key forts

Battle of Agrigentum – 261 BC • • Romans besiege the fort Carthaginians send

Battle of Agrigentum – 261 BC • • Romans besiege the fort Carthaginians send relief Romans get sick Romans win, but Carthaginian army escapes • Result: Romans take over most of Sicily

What’s a navy? • Carthage – great sea power; Rome – not so much.

What’s a navy? • Carthage – great sea power; Rome – not so much. • Quick adaptation – copying designs? Syracuse? • Solution: fight on land on water. – Corvus - raven • Battle of Mylae – 260 BC – Rome (90 ships) def. Carthage (130 ships) – First Roman naval victory • Stalemate on island for a few years

Let’s Invade Africa! • Battle of Cape Ecnomus – 256 – 330 Roman ships

Let’s Invade Africa! • Battle of Cape Ecnomus – 256 – 330 Roman ships vs. 350 Carthaginian • Marcus Atilius Regulus – Defeats Carthage but asks too much • Carthage hires Xanthippus

Story of Regulus • 255 B. C. – Regulus vs. Xanthippus at Bagrades Valley

Story of Regulus • 255 B. C. – Regulus vs. Xanthippus at Bagrades Valley • Xanthippus owns them – Captures Regulus & 500 • Romans win at Panormus – 251 BC • Regulus sent to Rome in 250 – Peace or hostages – Yeah, k, w/e • Regulus displays constantia (steadfastness, courage, awesomeness) • Dies like a boss

Things get tough • • Romans rescue army but storm kills 90, 000 Carthaginians

Things get tough • • Romans rescue army but storm kills 90, 000 Carthaginians burn Agrigentum Romans fail at Lilybaeum and Africa; storm 2. 0 Manage to win northern Sicily; focus on south

The War at Sea! • Battle of Drepana – 249 – Claudius Pulcher &

The War at Sea! • Battle of Drepana – 249 – Claudius Pulcher & Sacred Chickens • Stalemate on Land – Hamilcar Barca • Battle of Aegates Islands – 241 – Rome musters one more fleet – G. Lutatius Catulus defeats Hamilcar – Carthage can’t afford another fleet or a crew • First Punic War ends – Hamilcar blames lieutenant, lives

Hamilcar Barca • • • Goes to Spain Defeats Spanish with mercenaries Sons: Hannibal,

Hamilcar Barca • • • Goes to Spain Defeats Spanish with mercenaries Sons: Hannibal, Hasdrubal, Mago Hannibal’s oath at nine years old Barca – thunderbolt/lightning – Barcelona, Spain Hamilcar Barca. General for Carthage during the 1 st Punic war, and father of Hannibal

Ebro River Treaty 226 B. C. • Carthage and Rome agreed that Carthaginian military

Ebro River Treaty 226 B. C. • Carthage and Rome agreed that Carthaginian military operations are prohibited north of Ebro River • Romans can’t go south of the same river

Review 1 v. What was Rome’s 1 st war outside of Italy? v. What

Review 1 v. What was Rome’s 1 st war outside of Italy? v. What was Regulus’ amazing example of Constantia? v. What Roman admiral lost the battle of Drepana & Why? v. Who was Carthage’s most outstanding general? v. What oath did Hamilcar make his children swear?

Second Punic War 218 -202 B. C.

Second Punic War 218 -202 B. C.

221 B. C. • Carthaginian commander in Spain assassinated by a local • Hannibal

221 B. C. • Carthaginian commander in Spain assassinated by a local • Hannibal assumes command at 25 years old • Consolidates Spain and marries a local

Siege of Saguntum – 219 B. C. • Saguntum – city south of Ebro

Siege of Saguntum – 219 B. C. • Saguntum – city south of Ebro River • “Friend” of Rome • pro-Roman v. pro. Carthaginian factions • Hannibal intervenes • R. Senate demands Hannibal

Hannibal’s revenge

Hannibal’s revenge

Entering Italy • Fought through Southern Gaul • Crossed Alps – With elephants –

Entering Italy • Fought through Southern Gaul • Crossed Alps – With elephants – Among hostile tribes & Roman allies – 26 k men and 24 elephants survive

Battle of Ticinus River - 218 B. C. • Hannibal’s swift cavalry on the

Battle of Ticinus River - 218 B. C. • Hannibal’s swift cavalry on the outside, armored inside • Battle is over before Romans can throw javelins • Roman consul Publius Cornelius Scipio is wounded, saved by his son – Future Scipio Africanus • Romans escape at night; betrayal by the Gauls • Romans fortify near Trebia River and wait for backup

Battle of the Trebia – Dec. 218 B. C. • Clastidium bribed for supplies

Battle of the Trebia – Dec. 218 B. C. • Clastidium bribed for supplies • Roman backup arrives • Romans save some Gauls – Hannibal learns about Roman consul • Mago’s Ambush – Romans cold, sick, hungry, & surrounded – Massacre!

Battle of Lake Trasimene 217 B. C. • Gaius Flaminius, new consul – Race

Battle of Lake Trasimene 217 B. C. • Gaius Flaminius, new consul – Race to protect Rome • Hannibal cuts off camp from Rome • Lures into an ambush • Flaminius killed, army destroyed • Lake is red with blood • Those who survived enslaved

Quintus Fabius Maximus Dictator Cunctator • Elected dictator • Cunctator = Delayer – “Fabian”

Quintus Fabius Maximus Dictator Cunctator • Elected dictator • Cunctator = Delayer – “Fabian” tactics employed in American Revolution – Avoid full-on battle – Hit foraging parties – Scorched Earth • Very unpopular at Rome

Battle of Cannae – 216 B. C. • Hannibal’s Double Envelopment strategy • 70,

Battle of Cannae – 216 B. C. • Hannibal’s Double Envelopment strategy • 70, 000 of 80, 000 Romans killed – One of the consuls included – Many Italians defect – Greatest defeat in Roman history

Aftermath of Cannae • “Within just three campaign seasons (20 months), Rome had lost

Aftermath of Cannae • “Within just three campaign seasons (20 months), Rome had lost one-fifth (150, 000) of the entire population of citizens over seventeen years of age. ” • Philip V, King of Macedon, signs on (he’ll be sorry!) • Greek cities of Sicily joined Hannibal

The War Goes On • Hannibal remains in Italy • Romans send Publius Scipio

The War Goes On • Hannibal remains in Italy • Romans send Publius Scipio (two of them) to Spain • Scipio family harasses Carthaginian supplies, defeats Hannibal’s brothers

The Turning Point • Hasdrubal crosses Alps – Fleeing from Spain • Battle of

The Turning Point • Hasdrubal crosses Alps – Fleeing from Spain • Battle of Metaurus R. – 207 B. C. • Hasdrubal Killed

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus • Sent to Spain with his father who died •

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus • Sent to Spain with his father who died • Only 26 but put in charge • Conquered Spain – Def. Hasdrubal & Mago • Unanimously elected consul in 205 BC

Lead up to Zama • Scipio Invades Africa • Alliance with Numidians – Masinissa

Lead up to Zama • Scipio Invades Africa • Alliance with Numidians – Masinissa • Hannibal’s recall • Scipio & Hannibal meet

Battle of Zama 202 B. C. Romans Carthaginians 1 3 2 4

Battle of Zama 202 B. C. Romans Carthaginians 1 3 2 4

Settlement after Zama • Carthage stripped of all territory • Indemnity (payment that Carthage

Settlement after Zama • Carthage stripped of all territory • Indemnity (payment that Carthage has to make to Rome) takes 50 years to pay off • Carthage cannot wage war without Roman consent

Hannibal after Zama • Economic reforms – Effective but unpopular • Flees to Syria

Hannibal after Zama • Economic reforms – Effective but unpopular • Flees to Syria and helps them vs. Rome • Hunted by Rome, turned over by Syria • Suicide in 182

Cato the Elder (234 -149) • Conservative & rustic • Fought in 2 nd

Cato the Elder (234 -149) • Conservative & rustic • Fought in 2 nd Punic War • Visits Carthage as part of a diplomatic mission • Sees their prosperity • ‘Carthago delenda est’

The Third Punic War 149 -146 • Massinissa & Numidians attack Carthage • Carthage

The Third Punic War 149 -146 • Massinissa & Numidians attack Carthage • Carthage fights back…big no-no! • Scipio Aemilianus

Roman Republic c. 146

Roman Republic c. 146