Infection Control Infection Control Learning Targets I can

Infection Control

Infection Control Learning Targets I can explain the importance of health care team members understanding and practicing infection control measures and terminology related I can explain standard precautions, transmission based precautions, blood borne pathogen standard, needle safety act and the biohazard symbol I can describe OSHA and what it looks like in healthcare I can list and describe the different types of microorganisms I can explain the difference in a pathogen vs a non pathogen I can list 1 -2 examples of different common illnesses and the type of transmission based precautions required I can give examples of person most at risk for infection I can explain disinfection and sterilization I can explain an opportunistic infection and nosocomial infection I can explain what Candid albicans and C. Diff is caused by related to use of antibiotics I can differentiate in a local and systemic infection I can differentiate in Medical vs Surgical Technique I can list most common Blood borne illnesses I can demonstrate donning and doffing PPE I can perform aseptic hand hygiene Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 2

An infection is a disease state resulting from the invasion and growth of microbes in the body. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 3

Infection is a major safety and health hazard. The health team follows certain practices and procedures to prevent the spread of infection (infection control). Minor infections cause short illnesses. Some infections are serious and can cause death. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 4

Microorganisms A microorganism (microbe) is a small living plant or animal. ◦ It is seen only with a microscope. Microbes are everywhere. ◦ Pathogens are harmful and can cause infections. ◦ Non-pathogens are microbes that do not usually cause an infection. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 5

Microbes are found mouth nose respiratory tract stomach intestines skin Everywhere air soil water food animals, clothing furniture Everywhere Sli de 6

Types of microbes-Bacteria ◦ often called germs ◦ One cell ◦ They can cause an infection in any body system. Classified by shape ◦ Cocci ◦ Bacilli ◦ Spirilla Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria, although they can become resistant Some are harmful, some are helpful Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 7

Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 8

What statement about bacteria is true? All bacteria are harmful All bacteria are round All bacteria are single-celled organisms Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 9

Types of microbes-Protozoa ◦ are one-celled animals that can infect the blood, brain, intestines, and other body areas. One-celled animal-like Many contain flagella which allows movement Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 10

Types of microbes-Rickettsiae ◦ found in fleas, lice, ticks, and other insects. ◦ Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an example. The person has fever, chills, headache, rash, and other signs and symptoms. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 11

A man died from an infection caused by a rickettsiae. The infection was MOST LIKELY transmitted by: Walking barefoot in a locker room. A blood transfusion. The bite of a tick. Breathing in contaminated air. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 12

Types of microbes-Fungi ◦ are plants that live on other plants or animals Plantlike organisms Yeasts and molds are two common forms Antifungal medications used for treatment Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 13

Candida albicans Common yeast microorganism remains as part of a normal human’s microflora. The overgrowth of C. albicans leads to symptoms of disease, and it occurs when there are imbalances Taking antibiotics can cause overgrowth Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 14

C. Diff an infection of the colon by the bacterium Caused by long-term treatment with antibiotics, which kill off other intestinal bacteria that keep C. diff in check. C. difficile causes colitis by producing toxins that damage the lining of the colon. The symptoms of C. difficile colitis are fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 15

Viruses Smallest microorganisms Visible only with electron microscope Spread by blood and body secretions Not affected by antibiotics Common Viruses ◦ Flu (influenza) ◦ Common Cold ◦ RSV Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 16

Requirements of microbes ◦ ◦ ◦ a reservoir (host) to live and grow. water and nourishment from the reservoir. Most need oxygen to live. —not all warm and dark environment is needed. grow best at body temperature. are destroyed by heat and light. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 17

Aerobic-must have oxygen to live Anaerobic-no oxygen to live Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 18

Infection An infection is a disease state resulting from the invasion and growth of microbes in the body. ◦ A local infection is in a body part. ◦ A systemic infection involves the whole body. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 19

Types of infections Nosocomial-any disease contracted by a patient while under medical care. Communicable- diseases easily transmitted from one person to another person Opportunistic-occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems ◦ Very young and old ◦ Suppressed immune systems (cancer and transplant patients) ◦ Chronic lung disorders Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 20

An infection that develops when the body’s normal defenses are not working properly is a/an: A. Mutant infection. B. Nonpathogenic infection. C. Opportunistic infection. D. Recessive infection. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 21

Albert has a yeast infection under his arm. It should be treated with a/an: A. Antifungal cream. B. Antibiotic ointment. C. Vaccination. D. Hot compress. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 22

The ability to resist infection relates to: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Age Nutrition Stress Fatigue Health Drugs Disease and injury Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 23

Aseptic Technique Asepsis is being free of disease-producing microbes. Measures are needed to achieve asepsis. ◦ Medical asepsis (clean technique) asepsis is the practices used to: ◦ Remove or destroy pathogens. The number of pathogens is reduced. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 24

Contamination is the process of becoming unclean When something unclean touches something clean Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 25

What could be found on the surface of a sterile instrument? A. Viruses B. Spores C. Microbes D. Nothing Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 26

◦ Disinfection is the process of destroying pathogens. ◦ Germicides are disinfectants applied to skin, tissues, and non-living objects. ◦ Chemical disinfectants are used to clean surfaces and reusable items. ◦ Sterilization destroys all non-pathogens and pathogens, including spores. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 27

Asepsis Hand hygiene, cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are important aseptic measures. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 28

You are cleaning a patient’s dentures when some of the soaking solution splashes into your eye. What should you do FIRST? A. Flush your eyes with water. B. Call 911. C. Notify your supervisor. D. Complete an incident report. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 29

Surgical Asepsis Surgical asepsis (sterile technique) Sterilization is the process of destroying all microbes, spores and viruses Autoclave Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 30

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard The Bloodborne Pathogen Standard is: ◦ Intended to protect the health team from exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) ◦ A regulation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ◦ All work places must have a plan and do training HIV and HBV (hep B and C) are bloodborne pathogens. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 31

What does OSHA require health facilities to provide for all employees who come in contact with patients? A. Health insurance B. PPE C. Annual chest x-rays D. A watch with a second hand Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 32

What is an example of a bloodborne pathogen? Hepatitis C Sleeping sickness Yeast Vitamin A Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 33

Health care facility regulations (OSHA) ◦ Written exposure control plan, updated annually ◦ Provide hepatitis B vaccine free of charge to all employees with occupational exposure ◦ Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) ◦ Provide adequate handwashing facilities and supplies ◦ Provide appropriate containers for sharps and biohazardous waste ◦ Provide training at no cost during work hours Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 34

Needlestick safety act Congressional act based on CDC needlestick data Identify and use safer medical devices Maintain a sharps injury log Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 35

Standard Precautions Standard precautions are rules developed by the CDC Use when healthcare providers may come in contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes, nonintact skin or tissue/cell specimens. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 36

Basic Rules of Standard Precautions ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Handwashing Gloves Gowns Masks and eye protection Sharps Spills or splashes Resuscitation devices Waste and linen disposal Injuries Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 37

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) handwashing recommendations Handwashing MOST IMPORTANT and easiest practice for aseptic technique Regular handwashing ◦ Routine cleansing or when visibly soiled Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 38

Antiseptic handwashing Antimicrobial soap and water Antiseptic hand rubs Alcohol-based handrub when hands not visibly soiled Rub until dry Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 39

Handwashing schedule When arriving at and before leaving facility Before and after every patient contact Before moving from a contaminated body site to a clean body site Any time hands become contaminated during a procedure Before applying and immediately after removing gloves Any time gloves are torn or punctured Before and after handling specimens After picking up an item off the floor After personal use of the bathroom After you cough, sneeze or use a tissue Before and after any contact with your mouth or mucous membrane (eating, drinking, inserting contacts, etc. ) Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 40

Transmission-based isolation precautions Method of caring for patients who have communicable diseases Airborne precautions Droplet precautions Contact precautions Protective or reverse isolation Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 41

Understanding how certain infections are spread helps you understand the types of Transmission-Based Precautions. PPE—When? ◦ Lets make a list Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 42

Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 43

A dental assistant tears a glove when assisting a dentist with a patient who is HIV positive. What should the assistant do FIRST? Notify OSHA Report the incident to the CDC Remove the gloves and wash hands Put on a new pair of gloves Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 44

A patient has an infection and is on airborne precautions. If the patient must be transported to physical therapy, what should the patient wear? A. A mask B. Goggles C. Gloves D. A gown Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 45

What should you place in a red bag with the words “Biohazardous Waste” on the front of the bag? A. Soiled bed linens B. Patient’s clothes that are stained with blood C. A soiled dressing from a wound D. A wet disposable baby diaper Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 46

When you see this—think what? Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sli de 47