Chapter 16 INFECTION CONTROL AND STANDARD PRECAUTIONS 2004

Chapter 16 INFECTION CONTROL AND STANDARD PRECAUTIONS © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

FLORA • Flora are microorganisms that occur or have adapted to living in a specific environment – Resident flora are always present and prevent overgrowth of harmful microorganisms – Transient flora occur in periods of limited duration © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE • • • Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Rickettsia © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

CHAIN OF INFECTION • Agent - entity that causes disease – Biological agents – Chemical agents – Physical agents • Reservoir - place where agent can survive to colonize and reproduce © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

CHAIN OF INFECTION • Portal of exit - route by which infectious agents leave reservoir to be transferred to susceptible host • Portal of entry - contact point where transmission of agent occurs © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

CHAIN OF INFECTION • Mode of transportation – Contact transmission - physical transfer of agent – Airborne transmission - contamination suspended in air – Vehicle transmission - agent transferred via inanimate object – Vectorborne transmission - agent transferred through animate means © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION • Between agent and reservoir – Cleansing – Disinfection – Sterilization © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION • Between reservoir and portal of exit – Proper hygiene – Clean dressings – Clean linen – Clean equipment © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION • Between portal of exit and mode of transmission – Block exit of infectious agent by: • Maintaining clean dressings on all wounds and injuries • Covering mouth when sneezing and coughing • Wearing gloves © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION • Between portal of entry and host – Maintain skin integrity – Use sterile techniques • Between host and agent – Proper nutrition – Exercise – Immunize © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

NORMAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS • Nonspecific immune defense – Skin and normal flora – Mucous membranes – Sneezing, coughing, and tearing – Elimination and acidic environment – Inflammation © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

NORMAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS • Specific immune defense mounts a response specific to the invading antigen • Production of T-cells release lymphokines and B-cells © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

STAGES OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS • • Incubation Prodromal Illness Convalescent © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS • A nosocomial infection is acquired in a health care facility and was not present at the time of admission © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS • Handwashing • Gloves • Mask, eye protection, and face shield • Gown • Client care equipment • Linens © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS • Occupational health and bloodborne pathogens – Prevent injuries from sharp instruments such as needles and scalpels – Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, and other ventilation devices to resuscitate © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

ISOLATION • Isolation precautions based on route of transmission – Airborne – Contact – Droplet • Reverse isolation - barrier protection to protect clients that are highly susceptible to infection © 2004 Delmar Learning, a Division of Thomson Learning, Inc.