Power Point Presentation for Dental Radiology with Labs

Module: Dental Radiology Dental Radiography Part A: Radiation and Safety Part B: Radiographs Part C: Processing and Mounting Part D: Extraoral Radiographs and Landmarks Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2

Module: Dental Radiology Learning Objectives 1. Define the Key Terms. 2. Name the different sizes and types of dental x-ray film. 3. Identify safety precautions needed when using radiation. 4. List the types of extraoral dental radiographs. 5. Describe the biological effect of radiation. 6. Discuss the difference between bisecting and paralleling techniques. 7. Describe the most common radiographic errors. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3

Module: Dental Radiology Learning Objectives 8. Describe proper automatic and manual processing techniques. 9. Define the difference between normal and abnormal radiographic landmarks. 10. Demonstrate infection control during radiography procedures. 11. Demonstrate x-ray exposure using paralleling and bisecting angle techniques. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4

Module: Dental Radiology Learning Objectives 12. Demonstrate occlusal x-ray exposure. 13. Demonstrate manual and automatic processing of radiographs. 14. Demonstrate duplication of radiographs. 15. Demonstrate proper mounting of full mouth radiographs. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5

Key Terms • • • ALARA Anode Automatic processing Basal cells Bisecting technique Bite-wing Blurred images Cassette Cathode • Central beam • Cephalometric radiographs • Collimator • Computed tomography • Cone cutting • Contrast • Cross-section technique Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6

Key Terms • Density • Developer solution • Digital imaging technology • Double exposure • Duplication technique • Electromagnetic energy • Elongation • • • Extraoral film Fixer solution Focal spot Focusing cup Foreshortening Frankfort plane Gray (GY) Herringbone pattern Horizontal angulation Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7

Key Terms • • Intensifying screens Interproximal Intraoral k. V Latent period Leakage radiation Long wavelengths MRI • • • Manual processing MPD m. A mr Mitosis Occlusal radiographs Overlapping Panoramic technique Paralleling technique Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8

Key Terms • • Periapical Primary radiation rad Radiolucent Radiopaque Radiosensitive “Rare earth” phosphors • • rbe Reticulation rem Roentgens Scatter radiation Secondary radiation Short wavelengths Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9

Key Terms • Sv • Thermionic emission • Topographic technique • Tragus of the ear • Transcranial radiograph • Tubehead • Vertical angulation • x-rays • x-ray tube Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10

Part A: Radiation and Safety 1895 Roentgen discovers x-rays 1895 First dental radiograph taken 1896 First intraoral radiograph taken 1913 Hot cathode x-ray tube invented 1923 GE develops dental x-ray machine Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11

Development of Dental Techniques 1905 Bisecting technique developed 1920 Paralleling technique developed 1959 Panoramic technique developed 1980 Panorex II developed Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12

Electromagnetic Energy Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13

Atoms Nucleus Electrons • Subatomic particles: – Protons – Neutrons – Hadrons – Leptons

Types of Radiation Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15

Effects of Radiation on Cells • Division of cells: – Somatic – Genetic •

Radiation Measurement Terms Standard System (Traditional) Metric Equivalent or Système Internationale (SI) Exposure (C/kg) Roentgen (R) 3. 88 x 10 R = Couloumb per kilogram 1 c/kg Dose Radiation absorbed dose (RAD) 100 rads = Gray (GY) 1 Gy Dose equivalent Radiation equivalent Sievert (Sv) man 1 Sv (REM) 100 rems = Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17

Radiation Exposure Standards MPD Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18

Radiation Exposure Detection Badge Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19

Control Panel on a Dental X-Ray Unit Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL

Dental Arm Assembly and Tubehead Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Radiographic Safety and Quality Assurance Manufacturer’s responsibility Dentist’s responsibility DA’s responsibility Patient’s responsibility Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22

Part B: Radiographs Dental x-ray film Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS

X-Ray Exposure Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24

Types of Film Exposures Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25

Film Exposure Techniques Bisecting technique Paralleling technique Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL

Full Mouth Series • Bite-wing – Horizontal positioning – Vertical positioning • Maxillary arch – Incisors, cuspids, premolars, molars • Mandibular arch – Incisors, cuspids, premolars, premolar bite-wing, molar bite-wing Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 27

Special Types of Radiographs Occlusal radiographs Pediatric radiographs Radiographs for patients with special needs Edentulous radiographs Endodontic radiographs Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28

Producing a Quality Radiograph Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 29

Film Exposing Errors Radiopaque film images Blurred image Underexposed film Clear film Foreshortening Distortion Backward film Overexposed film Double exposure Cone cutting Overlapping Elongation Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30

Film Processing Errors Light film image Partial image Air bubbles on film Dark film image Fogged film Torn/scratched Film artifacts film Reticulation Streaks Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31

Part C: Processing and Mounting Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Processing Solutions Developer solution Fixer solution Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS

Automatic Processor Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 34

Duplicating X-Rays Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 35

Mounting Dental Radiographs • Labial mounting • Lingual mounting Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar

Patient Radiographs Stored in the patient treatment record Legal records never destroyed Property of

Part D: Extraoral Radiographs and Landmarks Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS

Cephalometric Radiographs Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 39

Radiographic Interpretation Terminology • • • Anatomical landmarks Radiopaque Radiolucent Diagnosis Interpretation Superimposition Copyright

Landmarks Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 41

Landmarks Mandibular landmarks Maxillary landmarks Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Advanced Technology in Dental Radiology CT scanning MRI Digital imaging Copyright © 2006 Thomson

Summary of Module • • • Key Terms History of radiography Dental techniques Radiation Components of a dental x-ray unit Radiographic safety and quality assurance Film exposure techniques Special types of radiographs Errors to avoid in film exposing and processing Processing and mounting Extraoral radiographs and landmarks Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 44