Chapter 15 Infection Control Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning

























































































- Slides: 89

Chapter 15 Infection Control Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 1 Principles of Infection Control • Understanding infection control is essential for all health care workers • Provide a basic knowledge of how disease is transmitted • Main emphasis on prevention of disease transmission Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 1 Principles of Infection Control • Microorganism or microbe – Small living organism – Not visible to the naked eye – Microscope must be used to see them – Found everywhere in the environment – Found on and in the human body Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 1 Principles of Infection Control • Microorganism or microbe – Many are part of normal flora of body – Nonpathogens are beneficial to body processes – Pathogens cause infections and disease – Most prefer warm, dark environments Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 1 Principles of Infection Control • Microorganism or microbe – Need source of food and moisture – Need for oxygen varies (aerobic/anaerobic) – Human body is ideal supplier of all microorganism requirements Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Bacteria – Simple, one-celled organisms – Multiply rapidly – Classified by shape and arrangement Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Bacteria – Cocci are round or spherical in shape (refer to Figure 15 -1 in text) – Bacilli are rod shaped (refer to Figure 15 -3 in text) – Spirilla are spiral or corkscrew shaped (refer to Figure 15 -4 in text) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria • Some bacteria strains are multidrug resistant (superbugs) – MRSA – VRE – MRAB – CRE Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Protozoa – One-celled, animal-like organism – Found in decayed materials and contaminated water – May have flagella for movement – Some are pathogenic Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Fungi – Simple, plantlike organisms – Live on dead organic matter – Yeast and molds can be pathogenic – Antibiotics do not kill – Antifungal medications for treatment Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Rickettsiae – Parasitic microorganisms that cannot live outside the cells of another living organism – Transmitted to humans by bites of fleas, lice, ticks, mites – Antibiotics are effective against many Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Viruses – Smallest microorganisms – Must use electron microscope to see – Must be inside another living cell to reproduce – Spread by blood and body secretions – Very difficult to kill – Not affected by antibiotics Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Viruses – Those infecting animals can mutate to infect humans • • • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) West Nile virus (WNV) Monkeypox Ebola and Marburg H 5 N 1, H 1 N 1 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Hepatitis B – Caused by HBV – Transmitted by blood serum and body secretions – Affects the liver Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Hepatitis B – Expensive vaccine is available for protection – Employers must provide vaccine at no cost to employees with occupational exposure to blood or other body secretions Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Hepatitis C – Caused by HVC – Transmitted by blood/blood-containing body fluids – Many infected individuals are asymptomatic – Can cause severe liver damage – No vaccine available Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – Suppresses the immune system – Individual becomes susceptible to cancers and infections that would not affect a healthy person – No cure and no vaccine Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Classes of Microorganisms • Helminths – Multicellular parasites also known as worms or flukes – Transmitted • By eating contaminated food • Being bitten by infected insects • When worms enter the skin Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of Infection • Some pathogens – Produce poisons called toxins – Cause an allergic reaction – Attach and destroy the living cells they invade Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of Infection • Endogenous – Disease originates within the body – Metabolic disorders, tumors, congenital abnormalities • Exogenous – Disease originates outside body – Pathogens, trauma, temperature extremes Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Types of Infection • Hospital-acquired or healthcare-associated infection (HAI) – Formerly nosocomial – Staphylococcus, pseudomonas • Opportunistic – Occur when body defenses are weak – Kaposi’s sarcoma Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chain of Infection • Present for disease to occur and spread from one individual to another • Infectious agent • Reservoir • Portal of exit Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chain of Infection • • Mode of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host Refer to Figure 15 -9 in text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chain of Infection • Body defenses – Mucous membranes – Cilia – Coughing and sneezing – HCL in the stomach – Tears – Fever – Inflammation response – Immune response Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chain of Infection • Eliminate any step in the chain and infection is stopped • Follow practices to interrupt or break chain • Remember, pathogens are everywhere • Transmission prevention is a continuous process Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Aseptic Techniques • Asepsis – Absence of disease-producing microorganisms • Sterile – Free of all organisms • Contaminated – Any object or area that may contain pathogens Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Aseptic Techniques • • • Handwashing Good personal hygiene Use of disposable gloves Properly cleaning instruments and equipment Thorough cleaning of environment Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Aseptic Techniques • Antisepsis – Prevent or inhibit growth of pathogens – Can usually be used on skin • Disinfection – Destroys or kills pathogens – Used mainly on objects Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Aseptic Techniques • Sterilization – Destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses – Use of steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals on objects Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 2 Bioterrorism • Use of microorganisms or biologic agents as weapons – Infecting humans, animals, or plants • Has been used over time by different nations not only in war but also on innocent people Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Biologic Agents • Microorganisms suitable for bioterrorism – Inexpensive, available, easily produced, spreads quickly – Maintains its survival – Brings death or disability – Transmissible from person to person – Difficult to prevent and treat Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Biologic Agents • High-priority agents – Smallpox: contagious and infectious disease, result of a variola virus – Anthrax: infectious disease caused by spores called Bacillus anthracis – Plague: infectious disease from the bacteria Yersinia pestis Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Biologic Agents • High-priority agents – Botulism: paralytic illness resulting from a nerve toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum – Tularemia: infectious disease from bacteria Fracisella tularensis – Hemorrhagic fever: infectious diseases caused by filovirus (Ebola virus and Marburg virus) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Preparing for Bioterrorism • Bioterrorism attack could cause epidemic and public health emergency • Would have impact on health care facilities • Social disorder could ensue • Comprehensive plan is needed Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Preparing for Bioterrorism • Bioterrorism Act of 2002 involves local, regional, state, and national government – Early detection by communities – Public notification – Infection control and public education – Funding for research and study of pathogens Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Preparing for Bioterrorism • Bioterrorism Act of 2002 – Guidelines and restrictions on transport of pathogens – Mass immunization – Protection of food and water supplies – Trained personnel Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Preparing for Bioterrorism • Bioterrorism Act of 2002 – Emergency management policies – Criminal investigation of potential threats – Preparation of health care facilities – Efficiency of communication Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 3 Washing Hands • • Major aspect of standard precautions Most important aseptic technique Most effective method of infection control Hands are perfect medium for spread of pathogens Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 3 Washing Hands • Regular handwashing with plain soap and water • Antiseptic handwashing with antimicrobial soap and water • Antiseptic hand rub with alcohol-based cleaner (waterless) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 3 Washing Hands • World Health Organization (WHO) on when to wash hands – Before patient contact – Before clean or aseptic procedure – After contact with a patient’s skin – After touching patient surroundings Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 3 Washing Hands • Also wash hands – On arrival at facility – After contact with a patient’s intact skin – Before moving from contaminated body site to clean body site during patient care – If hands become contaminated during a procedure Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 3 Washing Hands • Also wash hands – Before applying and immediately after removing gloves – When gloves are torn or punctured – Before and after handling specimens – After contact with soiled or contaminated item Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 3 Washing Hands • Also wash hands – After picking up any item off the floor – After personal use of the bathroom – Following a cough, sneeze, or using a tissue – Before and after contact with mouth or mucous membranes Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 3 Washing Hands • • • Use soap as a cleansing agent Use warm water Use friction Clean all hand surfaces Point fingertips downward Use dry paper towels to turn faucet on and off Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 3 Washing Hands • Clean nails during handwashing • Waterless hand cleaning with alcohol-based gel, lotion, or foam – Use if hands are not visibly dirty or contaminated with blood or body fluids – After 6 to 10 cleanings hands must be washed with soap and water Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 4 Observing Standard Precautions • Blood and body fluids are main ways pathogens are spread • Three major pathogens: HBV, HBC, HIV • Extreme care must be taken at all times when there is an area, object, or person contaminated with blood or body fluids Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Bloodborne Pathogens Standard • Established in 1991 by OSHA • Must be followed by all health care workers • Civil penalties if not implemented by employer and followed by employees Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Bloodborne Pathogens Standard • Develop written exposure control plan • Identify all employees with occupational exposure • Provide hepatitis B vaccines free of charge • Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Bloodborne Pathogens Standard • Provide adequate handwashing facilities and supplies • Ensure worksite is maintained in a clean, sanitary condition – Follow measures for immediate decontamination of surfaces when contaminated – Dispose of infectious waste correctly Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Bloodborne Pathogens Standard • Enforce rules on limited activities (eating, drinking, etc. ) in any potentially contaminated area • Provide appropriate, color-coded, and labeled containers for contaminated sharps and other infectious or biohazard wastes Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Bloodborne Pathogens Standard • Post signs at entrance to work areas with exposure to biohazardous materials – Label biohazard items with red biohazard symbol (refer to Figure 15 -16 in text) • Confidential medical evaluation and follow-up for employee after exposure incident • Provide employee training Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Needlestick Safety Act • Passed by Congress in 2000 • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated 600, 000 to 800, 000 needlesticks per year • OSHA revised Bloodborne Pathogens Standard to requirements of this act Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Needlestick Safety Act • Employer requirements – Identify and use effective and safer medical devices – Incorporate changes in annual update of exposure control plan Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Needlestick Safety Act • Employer requirements – Solicit input from nonmanagerial employees who are responsible for direct patient care – Maintain a sharps injury log Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Rules developed by the CDC to prevent spread of infection • Every body fluid considered potentially infectious • All patients considered potential sources of infection • Refer to Figure 15 -18 in text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Use in any situation where you might contact – Blood or any fluid that contains blood – Body fluids, secretions, and excretions – Mucous membranes – Nonintact skin – Tissue or cell specimens Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Handwashing before and after patient contact • Gloves – For possible contact with blood, bodily fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, tissue specimens, or nonintact skin – Handling and cleaning contaminated items or surfaces Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Gloves – When performing invasive procedures – When performing venipuncture or blood tests – Hands must be washed immediately after removal of gloves – Gloves must not be reused Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Gowns – For procedures that cause splashing or spraying – Help prevent contamination of clothing or uniform – Contaminated gowns must be handled per policy – Hands must be washed immediately after gown removal Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Masks and eye protection – For procedures that cause splashing or spraying – Prevent exposure of mucous membranes of mouth, nose, and eyes to pathogens – Use masks once and discard; change every 30 minutes if needed Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Masks and eye protection – Protective eyewear and face shields protect front, top, bottom, and sides of eyes – If not disposable, must be cleaned and disinfected before reuse Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Sharps – Use extreme caution to avoid cuts and punctures – When possible, use safe needles or needleless devices – Use sharps containers – Follow laws regarding disposal of sharp objects Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Spills or splashes – Wipe up with disposable cleaning cloths – Wear gloves when wiping up – Use disinfectant such as 10 -percent bleach solution – Clean all contaminated surfaces – Absorbent powder can be used for large spills Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Resuscitation devices – Use to avoid need for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation – Place in convenient location, have readily accessible Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Waste and linen disposal – Wear gloves, follow agency policy – Use biohazard bags appropriately • Injuries – Immediately report cut or injury, needlestick, or splashing of blood or body fluids – Follow agency policy Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 5 Sterilizing with an Autoclave • Sterilization prevents spread of infection • Autoclave uses steam under pressure or gas to sterilize • Most efficient method of sterilization • Destroys all microorganisms • Available in various sizes and types Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 5 Sterilizing with an Autoclave • Preparation of items before sterilization – Wrap items that are to remain sterile • Autoclave indicators ensure sterilization • Load the autoclave correctly • Time period for sterilization varies (refer to Figure 15 -31) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 5 Sterilizing with an Autoclave • Store items properly after autoclaving – Sterilized items can remain sterile for 30 days • Dry-heat sterilization in some autoclaves • Follow directions on specific autoclave • Follow agency policy for sterilization Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 6 Using Chemicals for Disinfection • Chemicals disinfect, but do not sterilize – Most do not kill spores and viruses • Used to disinfect instruments that do not penetrate body tissue • Proper cleaning of items is essential • Chemical solutions used Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 6 Using Chemicals for Disinfection • • • Antirust tablets or solutions may be added Requirements for disinfection Chemical must completely cover items Care of chemical solutions Proper handling of disinfected items Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 7 Cleaning with an Ultrasonic Unit • Used to remove dirt, debris, blood, saliva, tissue from instruments prior to sterilization • Uses sound waves for cleaning • Method of aseptic control, not sterilization • Use only ultrasonic solutions in unit Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 7 Cleaning with an Ultrasonic Unit • Care of glass beakers • Care of the permanent tank • Read manufacturer’s instructions before using ultrasonic unit • Refer to Figure 15 -37 in text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 8 Using Sterile Techniques • Many procedures require use of sterile techniques to protect patients from infection • Surgical asepsis keeps an object or area free from living organisms Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 8 Using Sterile Techniques • Sterile – Free from all organisms • Contaminated – Organisms and pathogens are present Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 8 Using Sterile Techniques • Important to differentiate between sterile and contaminated areas or items while using sterile technique • Correct techniques must be strictly followed to maintain sterility and prevent contamination Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 8 Using Sterile Techniques • Sterile field – Area used for placement of sterile supplies • All sterile items need to be checked before use • Observe agency guidelines for date • Necessary to keep sterile field dry Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 8 Using Sterile Techniques • Drop technique – For gauze, pads, dressings, small items • Mitten technique – For bowls, drapes, linens • Transfer forceps – For cotton balls, small items Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 9 Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions • Some diseases are communicable – Caused by easily transmitted organisms • Epidemic – Spreads rapidly person to person, affects large numbers • Pandemic – Wide geographic area, high proportion of populace Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 9 Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions • Use in addition to Standard Precautions • Provides extra protection against specific diseases or pathogens • Protects patient, family, health care workers • Type used depends on the causative organism of disease Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 9 Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions • Communicable diseases spread in many ways – Direct contact with a patient – Contact with dirty linen, equipment, supplies – Contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

15: 9 Maintaining Transmission-Based Isolation Precautions • Contaminated (dirty) – Items that contain disease-producing organisms; must not be touched unless protected • Clean – Items that do not contain disease-producing organisms; prevent contamination of these areas Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard Precautions • Use on all patients • Patient must be in private room if he or she contaminates environment or cannot maintain appropriate hygiene • Follow recommendations for use of PPE Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Airborne Precautions • Use for patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei – Rubella, varicella, tuberculosis, shingles • Refer to Figure 15 -45 in text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Droplet Precautions • Use if patient is known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by largeparticle droplets – Neisseria meningitis, multidrug-resistant Streptococcus meningitis, severe viral influenza • Refer to Figure 15 -47 in text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Contact Precautions • Use if patient is known or suspected to be infected with epidemiological microorganisms transmitted by direct or indirect contact – Viral or hemorrhagic conjunctivitis or fevers, diphtheria, scabies • Refer to Figure 15 -48 in text Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ebola Virus Precautions • Strict enforcement of standard, contact, and droplet precautions • Patient is to be placed in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) with restricted visitation • Medical equipment is dedicated to the patient • Needles and blood draws are limited to necessity only Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ebola Virus Precautions • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a high priority • PPE must cover all of the skin, head, neck, body, and feet • Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) or a N 95 respirator (at minimum) must be worn at all times Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Ebola Virus Precautions • Double gloves should be worn when in direct contact with the patient • Diligent hand hygiene is essential • A separate room or area should be designated for the donning and doffing of the PPE Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Protective or Reverse Isolation • Methods used to protect certain patients from organisms present in the environment • Used mainly for immunocompromised patients, whose body defenses cannot protect them from infection and disease • Precautions vary based on patient’s condition Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
"cengage"
Learning objectives for infection control
Chapter 13 medical math
Pharyngorrhea
Chapter 16 infection prevention and control
Chapter 16 infection control and standard precautions
Chapter 15:9 maintaining transmission based precautions
15:4 observing standard precautions
Chapter 10 infection control
Delmar cengage learning medical terminology
Chapter 5 the cardiovascular system labeling exercises
Cengage learning heart diagram
South-western cengage learning
2009 delmar cengage learning
Cengage learning heart diagram
Challenge word building medical terminology
Cengage learning australia
Graphing tpr
Whille
Cengage learning
Wadsworth cengage learning
Cengage learning
Cengage learning plant cell
Cengage learning
Cengage learning
Brooks cole cengage learning
2014 cengage learning accounting answers
Cengage learning
Cengage learning
Chapter 6 the skeletal system answer key
Cengage learning
2009 delmar cengage learning
Consumer behavior cengage
2012 cengage learning
Training evaluation
Cengage learning psychology
Course technology cengage learning
Course technology cengage learning
Course technology cengage learning
Course technology cengage learning
Mgmt+8
Delmar cengage learning instructor resources
2014 cengage learning
2010 cengage learning
Copyright secondary sara (2017) answers
Dental radiology ppt
Universal precautions milady
Cic certification
Infection control definition
Darkroom infection control guidelines
Conclusion of infection
Neutropenic precautions
Cbic recertification
Infection control is everyone's responsibility
Infection control
Nsw health standard precautions
Infection control information
Standard 3 infection control
Infection control orientation
Infection control
Infection control audits
Environmental controls infection control
Another name for customer
Infection control committee
Conclusion of infection control
Rigid thinking examples
Infection control champion
Unit 13 infection control
Infection control surveyor worksheet
Cengage chapter 7
Accounting chapter 13
Chapter 8 the digestive system
Cengage chapter 5 medical terminology
Matching muscle directions and positions
Prescription terms
Cuadro comparativo e-learning m-learning b-learning
Puncture resistant container
Chapter 19 disease transmission and infection prevention
Chapter 16 preventing infection
Chapter 19 disease transmission and infection prevention
Chapter 15 preventing infection
Define infection prevention chapter 5
2017 english standards of learning curriculum framework
Cengage differential equations
Bank reconciliation cengage
Separation of variables differential equations
Cengage
Cengage
Cengage
Cengage