Hydrosphere Water of the Earth Water Cycle Evaporation

Hydrosphere Water of the Earth!!

Water Cycle

Evaporation – liquid water changes into water vapor. (apply heat) p. 1

Transpiration – where plants give off water vapor p. 1

Evapotranspiration p. 1 • evaporation + transpiration in one word

Sublimation – solid straight to gas p. 1 • Solids that are introduced to high heat over a short period of time can skip the liquid phase. Typical phase change Solid → Liquid → Gas Sublimation Solid → Gas

Condensation – when water vapor rises into the atmosphere it cools, then forms clouds. p. 2

Condensation leads To Precipitation p. 2 • Rain, sleet, snow: any form of water falling to earth.

Water Storage on Earth p. 2 • • • Ice Caps Snow Oceans Lakes Ground Water

Water Budget p. 3 • The continuous cycle of evapotranspiration, condensing, and precipitation gives us the earth’s water budget. • Usually is balanced for any given area. • World Water Budget is not balanced. What might be some reasons why?

Local Water Budgets • Rain forest • Desert • Michigan

Some places are losing fresh water.

Water Conservation What Can We Do? • Great Lakes – Water Losses • Be Involved – vote for laws to save our Great Lakes.

Bottled Water • Empty your bottles before you throw them away! • Plastic Does Not break down in a landfill! That water is locked up forever.

Lower Consumption • • • Install water conserving toilets Less watering of lawns Shorter showers Fix leaks Turn off water when Brushing teeth

Government Help

Human Impact

Quiz

13. 2 River Systems • Tributaries – feeder streams to river system • Water shed – drainage basin • Divides – elevated ground to separate water sheds • Gully – narrow ditch • Runoff – water that is not soaked into soil

Watershed

Mississippi River Water Shed

Great Lakes

Stream Erosion • Channel – path the steam follows • Headward erosion – process of lengthening and branching of stream • Stream piracy – capturing water from other water sheds through erosion

Erosion

Channel Erosion • banks – edges of stream channel above water • Bed – part of the stream below water level • Stream Loads – materials carried by stream including water, soil, rocks, minerals • Loads: • 1. Suspended - fine and silt (floating by speed, velocity) • 2. Bed – coarse sand, gravel, pebbles (slides and rolls) • Saltation – short jumps • 3. Dissolved - TDS

Discharge and Gradient • Discharge – volume of water moved by stream • Gradient – steepness of its slope • Velocity – speed of stream • Headwaters - beginning

Niagra Falls

Frozen Niagra Falls

Water and Wind Gaps • Water gap – erosion of earth rising causes water to need to go uphill • Ex. Delaware water gap • Wind gap – notch created where water can no longer pass

Stages of a River System • Youthful rivers – rapid erosion of bed, v-shaped valley, steep banks, waterfalls and rapids, few tributaries, less water • Mature rivers – well established tributaries, erosion of banks, low gradient, meanders forming, oxbow lake • Old rivers – lower gradient, slower, more meaders, fewer tributaries, little erosion, deposits sediments • Rejuvenated rivers – gradient of stream becomes steeper resulting in steplike terraces (Miss. River, Tequm lower falls)

Assignment • Pg. 251 #1 -5

13. 3 Stream Deposition • • rocks Stones Pebbles Gravel Course sand Fine sand silt

Deltas and Alluvial Fans • Greatest deposition at area stream dumps into large body of water • Delta – fan shaped deposit at mouth of river • Alluvial fan – load causing flatten out after a step slope • 1. sediments on dry ground, delta wet • 2. coarse sand gravel, delta mud • 3. sloped whereas delta flat

Flood Deposits • Floodplain – deposits of silt and sand • Springtime - ^with snowmelt v evapotranspiration • Ice jams • Natural levees – deposits silt and sand

Flood Control • • • Indirect methods: 1. Forestation 2. Soil conservation to prevent runoff Direct methods: 1. dam (electric, irrigation, human conception and recreation) • 2. levees • 3. overflood channels

Assignment • Pg. 255 #1 -5 • Pg. 256 -57 #1 -12