Hydrosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere the Earths water ice layer

Hydrosphere & Atmosphere • Hydrosphere: the Earth’s water & ice layer: 97% salt water & 3% fresh water (3/4 of fresh water is in ice, nearly 1/4 is ground water, less than 1% is in lakes, rivers, & is water vapor) • Water Cycle: Continuous flow of water on Earth (Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation). • Due to gravity, smaller streams empty into rivers, which empty into larger rivers then finally to the ocean. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=R 8 NQUQDZ 3 N 0 (water cycle video 3 ½ minutes)

Ocean Features • • Continental Shelf: gradual incline into the ocean from land. Continental Slope: Steep incline into deep ocean. Abyssal Plain: Smooth, nearly flat ocean floor. Mid-Ocean Ridge: mountain range in mid-ocean created at divergent plate boundaries. • Ocean Trench: Steep canyons at convergent plate boundaries. • Volcanic Islands, Seamounts, & Guyots.

Salty Oceans • Most salt gets into the ocean through runoff; it gets removed through biological processes, chemical reactions, & sea spray. • Thermohaline currents. deep-ocean currents driven by differences in the water's density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). • Tropical water is more salty due to more evaporation. • • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Uu. Gr. Bh. K 2 c 7 U Thermohaline current video ( 5 minutes)

Longshore Drift & Rip Currents https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-z 7_2 J 7 d. GL 0 (1 minute rip current video)

Tides https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n. A 5 Nz 3 EXi. Fo (39 second video) • Tides are caused by the alignment of the Sun-Earth. Moon system: • Spring Tide: higher than normal high tide when the Sun, Earth, & Moon are in a straight line. • Neap Tide: lower than normal high tide when the Sun, Earth, & Moon are at right angles to each other.

Glaciers & Icebergs • Glacier: A huge mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over land due to gravity. - 2 types: Continental & Valley - Glaciers change land through erosion & deposition. • Icebergs form when the leading edge of a glacier breaks off as it reaches the ocean. • 90% of an iceberg is underwater. • • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Pb. YXi. Js. F 5 mw (4 minute video)

River Basins (Watersheds): - In the United States, all rivers between the Rocky Mountains & Appalachian Mountains empty into the Gulf of Mexico. (with the exception of rivers around the Great Lakes) - Rivers west of the Continental Divide (highest elevation of the Rockies) empty into the Pacific Ocean. (Great Salt Lake basin is exception) - Rivers to the east of the Appalachians empty into the Atlantic Ocean. -Due to gravity water flows down hill from the headwaters to the ocean, carrying dissolved minerals and gases to the ocean. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=f 63 pwr. MXk. V 4 (1 minute video)

Movement and Storage of Groundwater • • Infiltration: movement of water through soil & rock. Permeability: the ability of water to penetrate. Zone of Aeration: soil pore spaces with water & air. Zone of Saturation: all pore spaces are filled with water. Water table: top of the zone of saturation (varies with rainfall rates). Aquifer: place underground where water is stored. Aquiclude: impermeable rock layer that prevents infiltration. Spring: water coming out of a perched aquifer on an aquiclude.

Stream Development • Stream Channel: a narrow pathway carved into sediment or rock by moving water. • Meander: bend or curve in a stream channel caused by moving water. • In a meandering stream, erosion occurs on the outside curve because water is moving faster at that point, deposition occurs on the inside curve because water is moving slower at that point. • An ox bow lake is created over time as erosion and deposition changes the river's course. • Delta is a landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=4 q. KS_Nk 7 Um. Y Meanders & Ox-Bow lakes video 2 ¼ minutes)

Karst topography is characterized by caves & sinkholes. Cave Development: 1. As water infiltrates the ground it chemically reacts with sedimentary rock to dissolve it. 2. A small underground stream forms which expands the stream channel. 3. The stream drops through openings dissolved in the rock leaving a cave. 4. Infiltration continues to dissolve the roof of the cave until it eventually collapses due to the weight above creating a sinkhole. Anything that goes into a cave or sinkhole quickly enters the water supply without filtration of pollutants! DO NOT dispose of trash in sinkholes! https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=QLRl. J 4 Ja. C 9 s (3 minute Karst video)

Atmosphere: the thin mixture of gases that surround the Earth • 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% trace gases (carbon dioxide, argon, water vapor, etc. ) • Type and percentages of gases remains the same, but density decreases as elevation increases. • Temperature and Pressure decrease with elevation (temp. ↓ 6. 5°C per 1 km) (14. 7 PSI at sea level)

Layers of the atmosphere • Thermosphere (heat): Ionosphere & Exosphere. From 80 km into outer space. • Mesosphere (middle): From 50 – 80 km up. • Stratosphere (spreading out): From 12 – 50 km. • Troposphere (turning): From 0 to 12 km. Temperatures ↓ at a rate of 6. 5°C per km. (weather layer)