Homology Serial Homology Analogy 2 individuals structures have
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Homology Serial Homology Analogy - 2 individuals - structures have same developmental origin and same or different functions - 2 structures on 1 individual - 2 individuals - structures have different developmental origins but same function quill & hair bat wing & hand cheliped & swimmeret bird wing & insect wing
analogy homology serial homology
How do the Arthropods fit in? Rotifera Nematoda Platyhelminthes Cnidaria Porifera unknown common ancestor Nemertea Arthropoda Annelida
Phylum Arthropoda “joint-footed” animals
Fossil Record A very ancient group with a ~500 million year fossil record These fossilized tracks may push the date of land arthropods back into the Cambrian Devonian period 540 million years old
Fossil Record These fossilized tracks may. Millions push the of years ago date of land arthropods back into the 0 today Cambrian 65 – end of dinosaurs 213 first dinosaurs, mammals, birds 360 First reptiles First amphibians Cambrian First land plants 505 First fishes 590 First Arthropods 700 First invertebrates 4, 600
Phylum Arthropoda • the largest phylum • comprises ~80% of all known animals all other phyla Arthropoda
Arthropoda Characteristics Triploblastic Organ level of organization Bilateral Symmetry Cephalization Eucoelomate Protostome
What characteristics have enabled Arthropods to achieve such great diversity and abundance?
Arthropoda Characteristics Exoskeleton • hardened external cuticle secreted by the epidermis • composed of chitin; has internal ridges/projections called apodemes to which muscles attach • benefits: protection without loss of mobility • limits growth must be “molted” • limits ultimate body size because of weight
epicuticle exocuticle Ecdysis (molting) under hormonal control endocuticle • new endocuticle forms under exocuticle • exocuticle hardens • old exocuticle ruptures • ecdysis! the animal backs out of old exoskeleton • molting fluid dissolves old endocuticle • new exocuticle is secreted • new exocuticle is formed under the old one
Arthropoda Characteristics Tagmatization and jointed appendages • the fusion of segments into blocks called tagmata (sing: tagma) that are specialized for certain functions • usually each tagma has a pair of jointed appendages • appendages may be highly modified with tagmata being specialized for certain functions (e. g. feeding, moving, sensory) • appendages are essentially hollow levers that are moved by well-developed striated muscles (flexors and extensors) and are capable of fast, powerful movement
Arthropoda Characteristics Respiratory System • on land: most have a respiratory system that consists of tubes that deliver air directly to tissues and cells • in water: most have gills • these systems allow for a higher metabolic rate and level of activity
Arthropoda Characteristics Sensory System • similar to Annelida (ventral nerve cord, cerebral ganglia/brain…) • possess a variety of sensory organs (e. g. simple and compound eyes, antennae, chemoreceptors, sensory hairs…)
Arthropoda Characteristics Complex Behavior • have complex innate behaviors and some are capable of learning • some even show communication and cooperation! Spiny lobster cooperative behavior Spiny lobster migration behavior Dr. Herrnkind: http: //bio. fsu. edu/~herrnlab/
Arthropoda Characteristics Metamorphosis • most have a larval stage that differs morphologically and behaviorally from the adult • reduces competition between larvae and adults by allowing them to occupy different ecological niches
Arthropoda Characteristics • no external cilia/flagella Digestive System • complete with regional specialization Circulatory System • open circulatory system consisting of a hemocoel (main body-cavity) filled with hemolymph (blood)
Arthropoda Characteristics Excretion • usually glands, some classes have specialized excretory systems Reproduction • usually sexual and dioecious • usually internal fertilization
Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropoda II) Subphylum Trilobita Subphylum Chelicerata Class Merostomata Class Pycnogonida Class Arachnida Subphylum Crustacea Class Branchiopoda Class Malacostraca Class Copepoda * Class Ostracoda * Class Cirripedia * Subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda Class Diplopoda Class Insecta * In your textbook, these are listed as subclasses within the class Maxillopoda. But follow what is here and in lab.
Subphylum Trilobita (Trilobitmorpha) • all are extinct • the most diverse of the extinct arthropod groups (~5000 genera)
Subphylum Chelicerata • no antennae • 6 pairs of appendages: 1 st pair = pincer, fang-like chelicerae 2 nd pair = pedipalps 3 rd – 6 th pair = walking legs • body divided into 2 tagmata opisthosoma: consists of the abdomen prosoma: consists of the head and all the legs
Subphylum Chelicerata Class Merostomata Horseshoe crabs have been essentially unchanged for ~250 million years
Class Merostomata opisthosoma prosoma telson carapace compound eye chelicerae book gills walking legs
Class Merostomata
Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida
Class Arachnida spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, chiggers, daddy longlegs They usually have several adaptations for life on land: • book lungs or tracheal system or both • waxy cuticle pedipalps
Class Arachnida • arachnids as parasites • chiggers (mites) and ticks
Class Arachnida • arachnids as disease vectors • Lyme disease is caused by infection with a bacteria that is transmitted by tick bites Deer tick Borellia
Subphylum Chelicerata Class Pycnogonida • sea spiders • ~1000 marine species • males carry the eggs
Subphylum Crustacea • most are marine, some terrestrial and freshwater • head has 2 pairs of antennae • appendages are primitively biramous (have 2 major branches) • body divided into 2 tagmata: cephalothorax: consists of the head and the thorax abdomen
Subphylum Crustacea • have mandibles, 2 pairs of maxillae, and 1 pair of legs per segment • cephalothorax: • 2 pairs of antennae • mandibles • 1 st and 2 nd maxillae • 3 pairs of maxillipeds • 5 pairs of walking legs • abdomen • usually has 6 segments • # 1 -5 have pairs of swimmerets • last segment has a pair of uropods and a telson
Subphylum Crustacea Class Branchiopoda • sea monkeys and water fleas • marine and freshwater • important zooplankton
Subphylum Crustacea Class Ostracoda • have a bivalved carapace • marine and freshwater • reduced number of appendages • bioluminescence
Subphylum Crustacea Class Copepoda • mainly marine, some freshwater and terrestrial (e. g. mosses…) • usually the most abundant animal in the plankton • median eye
Subphylum Crustacea Class Cirripedia • acorn barnacles and gooseneck barnacles • marine and sessile as adults • feed with modified appendages called cirri
Class Cirripedia • modified body form anus Peduncle (absent in stalkless barnacles) cirri penis mouth ovary Adhesive gland
Class Cirripedia • often form dense mats • hermaphroditic with long extendable penis to reach neighbors
Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca • largest class of Crustacea • marine, freshwater, terrestrial • shows great diversity
Class Malacostraca very small to very large
Class Malacostraca Many have complex behaviors Finding a home Attracting a mate Brooding eggs Etc…
Subphylum Crustacea Parasitism Fish louse Parasitic isopods Parasitic barnacles: in the tissue, castrate crab host, produce large egg-sac which the host then broods as if it were its own
Subphylum Crustacea Commensalisms Barnacles on whales Pea crabs on a heart urchins & sand dollars Pea crabs in mussels
Subphylum Crustacea Mutualisms
Subphylum Crustacea Mutualisms • e. g. cleaning shrimp
How do the Arthropods fit in? Chelicerata Trilobita Nematoda Rotifera Annelida Platyhelminthes Porifera Nemertea Cnidaria unknown common ancestor Crustacea Uniramia n o t le e on k i t s o za i t ex a m tag
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