REVIEW DNA PROTEIN ANALOGY Restaurant Analogy A cell

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REVIEW: DNA ➜ PROTEIN ANALOGY

REVIEW: DNA ➜ PROTEIN ANALOGY

Restaurant Analogy A cell is like a restaurant and DNA is the master cook

Restaurant Analogy A cell is like a restaurant and DNA is the master cook book (set of instructions for determining restaurant properties) All restaurants have the same master cook book (genome) but different franchises may use different instructions COOK BOOK Cookbook = DNA These specific instructions (or recipes) represent the genes Each restaurant only has the one master cook book, which must be kept secure in a safe (the eukaryotic nucleus) Safe = Nucleus

DNA Replication If the restaurant wants to expand make new franchises, it must faithfully

DNA Replication If the restaurant wants to expand make new franchises, it must faithfully duplicate all the recipes in the cook book This copying process is called DNA replication and occurs only when the restaurant is looking to expand (cell division) Any mistakes in the copying process (gene mutations) will cause the new franchise to differ in the food it prepares Mutations can be beneficial (tastier) or harmful (poison) Copying = DNA replication

Transcription When the restaurant wants to make food, it must copy out a specific

Transcription When the restaurant wants to make food, it must copy out a specific recipe (gene) to take into the kitchen (cytoplasm) The process of photocopying a specific instruction is called RECIPE transcription (a photocopied recipe is an m. RNA sequence) Restaurants will photocopy different recipes at different times according to what customers order (cellular signals) This is differential gene expression (i. e. alternative menus) Copy Recipe = Transcription

Translation The photocopied recipe (m. RNA) is taken to the ribosome, I NEED INGREDIENTS

Translation The photocopied recipe (m. RNA) is taken to the ribosome, I NEED INGREDIENTS which functions as the restaurant’s chef (will make food) The cook reads the recipe one step at a time (i. e. in codons) and calls out each specific ingredient required (amino acids) The ingredients are brought to the cook by kitchen hands (t. RNA molecules) as each instruction is read in order The cook combines the ingredients to make food (protein) Cook = Ribosome

Overview TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS) TRANSCRIPTION Nucleus I NEED INGREDIENTS RECIPE COOK BOOK DNA m.

Overview TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS) TRANSCRIPTION Nucleus I NEED INGREDIENTS RECIPE COOK BOOK DNA m. RNA Ribosome t. RNA Protein

Topic Review DNA Replication (Starting new franchises) • Cell = Restaurant ; Nucleus =

Topic Review DNA Replication (Starting new franchises) • Cell = Restaurant ; Nucleus = Lockbox • DNA = Cook book ; Genes = Recipes Transcription (Photocopying the recipe) • m. RNA = Photocopied recipe Translation (Cooking the food) • Ribosome = Cook ; t. RNA = Kitchen hand • Amino acids = Ingredients ; Food = Protein