Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP Oleg Travnikov

Heavy metal pollution assessment within EMEP Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and CCC EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

EMEP activities on heavy metals in 2014 • Preparation of emissions data for modelling (4. 3) • Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (1. 1. 1 -1. 1. 3) • Operational modelling of HM transboundary pollution within EMEP region (1. 3. 2 b) • Assessment of long-term changes of HM transboundary pollution (19902010) (1. 1. 4, 1. 3. 2 b) • Country-scale pollution assessment – Case studies (1. 3. 5) • Assessment of Hg intercontinental transport (1. 3. 6, 1. 3. 8 c) • Research and development: • v Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid (1. 3. 4) v Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid and evaluation against measurements (1. 3. 4) v Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg (1. 3. 8 c) Co-operation with subsidiary bodies, international organizations and programmes (1. 6. 2, 1. 6. 3, 1. 1. 7) EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Item 4. 3 Co-operation with TFEIP Emissions data for modelling EMEP official emissions data (Parties, CEIP): • Time-series of national emission totals (Parties, annually) • Gridded emissions for the latest reported year (CEIP, annually) • Gridded sectoral emissions (Parties, once in five years) • Emissions from Large Point Sources (Parties, once in five years) Additional emissions data for modelling (MSC-E): • Time-series of gridded annual emissions for 1990 -2012 • Speciation of Hg emissions (Hg 0, Hg(II)gas, Hg(II)part) • Vertical distribution of anthropogenic emissions • Emissions for the non-EMEP countries within the EMEP domain (Northern Africa and Middle East) • Gridded emissions on a global scale (Hg) • Natural and secondary sources (re-suspension and re-emission) EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Items 1. 1. 1 -1. 1. 3 Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP Measurements of Pb, Cd and Hg in 2012 Pb in precipitation Pb in air Cd in precipitation Cd in air Hg in precipitation Hg in air 45 sites 44 sites 18 sites 59 sites 27 sites Coverage of EMEP monitoring network for HMs is still limited EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with WGE Item 1. 1. 6 Supplementary measurement data Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses (2005) HMHM monitoring within EMEP - in air - in precip. - co-located Benefits of moss data: § Wide spatial coverage § Large number of sites § Long period of measurements (1990 -2010) § Evaluation of total (wet+dry) deposition EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with WGE Item 1. 1. 6 Supplementary measurement data Conc. in moss 2. 4 2 Deposition flux 0. 6 0 0. 0 2010 3 2005 1. 2 2000 6 45 Cd Conc. in moss 2 Deposition flux 15 0. 0 0 2010 0. 1 2005 30 2000 0. 2 1995 Total deposition, g/km /y 1995 1. 8 1990 9 1990 Total deposition, kg/km/y Pb 12 0. 3 Conc. in mosses, mg/kg HMHM in mosses (1990 -2010) (2005) Conc. in mosses, mg/kg Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 1. 4, 1. 1. 8, 1. 3. 2 b Evaluation of long-term trends Joint analysis of measurements and modelling Selected sites Pb, Cd Hg Pb (DE 1, Germany) Hg (SE 2, SE 14, Sweden) - in air - in precip. - co-located EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 1. 4, 1. 1. 8, 1. 3. 2 b Evaluation of long-term trends Smoothed approximation of long-term changes Pb (DE 3, Germany) Bi-exponential approximation: t 1, t 2 – characteristic times Long-term changes of HM deposition to Europe Cd Pb Hg EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 1. 4, 1. 1. 8, 1. 3. 2 b Evaluation of long-term trends Long-term changes in EMEP countries (1990 -2010) Pb Switzerland Pb Sweden Pb Belarus EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Items 1. 1. 4, 1. 1. 8, 1. 3. 2 b Co-operation with TFMM Evaluation of long-term trends Long-term changes in EMEP countries (1990 -2010) Pb Hg Analysis of long-term trends will be further discussed at TFMM Workshop (November, 2014) EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 3. 5, 1. 1. 9 Country-scale pollution assessment Case studies of HM pollution in selected EMEP countries Czech Republic Approach: Evaluation of pollution levels in a country with fine spatial resolution involving variety of national data Requirements: • Detailed emissions data (fine resolution, source categories, LPS) • Additional measurements from national monitoring networks • Participation of national experts in joint analysis of the results Croatia Netherlands Countries involved: Country Czech Rep Croatia Netherlands Belarus Status complete in progress EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 3. 5, 1. 1. 9 Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands Additional information on country scale: • Contamination of the country provinces • Contribution of different emission source categories 2 Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5× 5 km 2) Mean deposition, kg/km /y • Pb deposition in the Netherlands 1. 0 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 0 Source categories: - Iron and steel production - Aviation - Small-scale combustion - Industrial processes - Transport - Other EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 3. 5, 1. 1. 9 Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands Additional information on country scale: • Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5× 5 km 2) • Contamination of a country provinces • Contribution of different emission source categories • Transboundary transport between country’s provinces Major foreign contributors: - Germany - Belgium - United Kingdom - France Pb deposition in the Netherlands Major national contributor: - Noord-Holland province EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 3. 5, 1. 1. 9 Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands Additional information on country scale: • Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5× 5 km 2) • Contamination of a country provinces • Contribution of different emission source categories • Transboundary transport between country’s provinces • Contribution of LPS to Pb deposition (Tata Steel IJmuiden BV, Netherlands) Percents Pollution from large point sources EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 3. 5, 1. 1. 9 Case studies: Further activity Assessment of heavy metal pollution in EECCA countries (Belarus) Measurement sites in Belarus Monitoring data: • 1 background site (Berezinsky reserve) • 19 urban stations • Heavy metal measurements in soil Emissions data (Pb, 2010): • Resolution – 10 x 10 km 2 • Source categories • Large-point sources Timeline: Preparation of input data for modelling September, 2014 Pilot calculations with fine resolution October, 2014 Joint analysis of the results January, 2015 Calculation of country-specific information March, 2015 Assessment results will be presented at the next TFMM meeting Preparation of the report April, 2015 in spring 2015 EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1. 3. 5, 1. 1. 9 Support of national scale modelling Co-operation with national experts from Italy (MINNI project) Objective: Provide boundary concentrations of heavy metals for national scale simulations with MINNI model Considered species: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Se Air concentrations of As over EMEP domain (simulated by MSC-E) MINNI simulations Domain: Italy and surrounding territories ng/m 3 10 5 Period: 2010 2 1 0. 5 Emissions: 0. 3 EMEP official data, expert 0. 1 0 Should we intensify activities on heavy metals of second priority estimates within EMEP? EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Item 1. 3. 4 Further development of GLEMOS (Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System) Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid Current and new EMEP domains Current EMEP domain New EMEP domain Current activities on implementation of the new grid: • Preparation of input information for the new EMEP domain • Adaptation of GLEMOS model code for regional simulations on the new grid • Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid with high spatial resolution • Preliminary evaluation against EMEP observations EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Item 1. 3. 4 Input information for the new grid Preparation of variety of input information for modeling Required information: • Geophysical information (orography, …) • Generation of meteorological input (wind speed, precipitation, …) • Land use/land cover information • Characteristics of underlying surface and vegetation (LAI, OM content, …) • Data on reactants and aerosols in the atmosphere • Generation of oceanic data (sea currents, salinity, …) Orography (m, a. s. l. ) Precipitation (mm/month) Fraction of forests and shrubs (%) Land cover information should be harmonized between the EMEP and WGE Centers EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Item 1. 3. 4 Co-operation with TFMM Pilot modelling on the new EMEP grid Nested simulations of Hg deposition (January and July 2010) Hg total deposition over the globe (1°× 1°) Hg deposition over the new EMEP grid (0. 2°× 0. 2°) EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Item 1. 3. 4 Co-operation with TFMM Evaluation of pilot modelling results Comparison of simulated Hg 0 concentration with measurements Hg 0 concentration (0. 2°× 0. 2°) and locations of EMEP monitoring sites Evaluation of monthly mean Hg wet deposition EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Item 1. 3. 4 Co-operation with TFMM Evaluation of pilot modelling results Comparison of simulated Hg wet deposition with measurements Hg wet deposition (0. 2°× 0. 2°) and locations of EMEP monitoring sites Evaluation of monthly mean Hg wet deposition EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TFMM Item 1. 3. 4 Evaluation of pilot modelling results Simulated Hg 0 concentration vs. measurements at Waldhof (DE 2) Comparison of hourly Hg concentration (January 2010) Location of Waldhof site Hg 0 DE 2 Day of year Hg(II)part Underlying map – Hg anthropogenic emissions (0. 2°x 0. 2°) Evaluation of the model performance Observations on the new EMEPModel grid will be continued with other pollutants (Pb, Cd, POPs) Day of year EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Item 1. 3. 8 c Further development of GLEMOS Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg General cycling of Hg in the ocean Development of model parameterizations: • Air-water exchange of Hg between the atmosphere and the ocean Simulated Hg concentration in seawater • Hg oxidation and reduction under solar and dark conditions • Hg adsorption by suspended particulate matter and colloids • Methylation and demethylation (biotic and abiotic) Literature survey of Hg processes in seawater is published in Ocean Science Discussion (Batrakova et al. , 2014) EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TF HTAP Items 1. 1. 7, 1. 3. 6, 1. 6. 2, 1. 6. 3 Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project Objective: Multi-model assessment of Hg atmos. processes and Hg pollution levels over the globe and in selected regions Tasks of the analysis: • Global Hg concentration and deposition patterns • Regional Hg patterns in Europe and Asia • Hg dispersion and processes in the Polar regions • Inverse modelling and evaluation of Hg emissions • Source-receptor relationships on a global scale Hg processes in the atmosphere Information flows of the study Simulations program GMOS network Multi-model experiments Storage in centralized database Simulation results Task 1 Task 2 Measurements Task 3 … Distributed analysis TF HTAP EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TF HTAP Items 1. 1. 7, 1. 3. 6, 1. 6. 2, 1. 6. 3 Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project Monitoring networks and programs for Hg: • Hg measurements within EMEP (1990 - …) • GMOS global network for Hg (2012 - …) • Regional Hg networks (EMEP, AMAP, MDN, AMNet, NAt. Chem, …) AMAP NAt. Chem MDN EMEP GMOS NAt. Chem AMNet MDN AMAP EMEP AMNet GMOS More close co-operation between EMEP and other monitoring programs is required to get access to measurement data EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Co-operation with TF HTAP Items 1. 1. 7, 1. 3. 6, 1. 6. 2, 1. 6. 3 Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project Participating models: Model GLEMOS Scale global/regional Institution EMEP/MSC-E ICHMERIT global CNR-IIA (Italy) GRAHM global Environment Canada GEOS-Chem global MIT (USA) CMAQ-Hg-Hem hemispheric Lamar University (USA) WRF-Chem regional CNR-IIA (Italy) CMAQ-Hg regional HZG (Germany) EMEP/MSC-E performs general coordination of the study and leads Hg model assessment on a global scale EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Items 1. 1. 7, 1. 3. 6 Co-operation with international bodies Support of Minamata Convention on Mercury (UNEP) EMEP/MSC-E activities: • Participation in the Global Mercury Assessment 2013 for the 5 th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee (Geneva, January 2013) • Updated model estimates for the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on adoption of the Minamata Convention (Japan, October 2013) • Update of Global Mercury Assessment in cooperation with UNEP and AMAP for the 6 th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (Thailand, November 2014) EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Items 1. 3. 6, 1. 3. 8 c, 1. 6. 2 Intercontinental transport of Hg Pilot estimates of source-receptor relationships for Hg deposition flux, g/km 2/y Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS) Source regions 20 15 10 Source/receptor regions: 5 0 Europe CIS countries North America Mexico & Central America South America Africa Middle East Asia South East Asia Australia and New Zealand Arctic Antarctica Natural and legacy sources EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Items 1. 3. 6, 1. 3. 8 c, 1. 6. 2 Hg deposition to the ocean Source attribution of Hg deposition to fishing areas (2010) 8 4 0 6 12 Fisheries production, x 10 t/y 2 Hg deposition flux, g/km /y Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS) 18 12 6 0 - Hg deposition flux - Total marine capture fisheries production (FAO, 2013) FAO fishing areas 18 - Arctic Sea 21 - Northwest Atlantic 27 - Northeast Atlantic 31 - Western Central Atlantic 34 - Eastern Central Atlantic 37 - Mediterranean and Black Sea 41 - Southwest Atlantic 47 - Southeast Atlantic 48 - Antarctic Atlantic 51 - Western Indian Ocean 57 - Eastern Indian Ocean 58 - Antarctic Indian Ocean 61 - Northwest Pacific 67 - Northeast Pacific 71 - Western Central Pacific 77 - Eastern Central Pacific 81 - Southwest Pacific 87 - Southeast Pacific 88 - Antarctic Pacific EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Workplan elements on HMs for 2015 Assessment of heavy metal pollution: § Operational monitoring and modelling pollution levels within EMEP and evaluation of modelling results against measurements (1. 1. 4, 1. 3. 2 b) § Country-scale assessment of HM pollution within the Case studies (Belarus) in co-operation with TFMM and national experts (1. 3. 5) § Evaluation of the role of large point sources (LPS) in HM pollution within EMEP countries (1. 3. 5) Research and development: § Further testing and evaluation of regional modelling on the new EMEP grid (1. 3. 4) § Further development of multi-media modelling of Hg to assess contribution of secondary and legacy sources their interaction with climate change (1. 3. 6, 1. 3. 8 c) § Refinement of wind re-suspension of HMs and study of Hg interaction with atmospheric aerosol (1. 3. 6, 1. 3. 8 c) EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Workplan elements on HMs for 2015 Co-operation with international bodies: § Assessment of HM pollution of the Baltic Sea (HELCOM) (1. 1. 7) § Coordination of multi-model study of Hg dispersion in the environment within GMOS/TFHTAP model experiments (1. 1. 7, 1. 6. 3, co-funded by EC) § Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co-operation with UNEP and AMAP to support Minamata Convention (1. 1. 7, 1. 3. 6, 1. 6. 2, co-funded by AMAP) EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014