LEDLIGHT EMITTING DIODE Working principle Electroluminescence Invented Oleg

LED-LIGHT EMITTING DIODE Working principle Electroluminescence Invented Oleg Losev (1927) James R. Biard (1961) Nick Holonyak (1962) First production 1968

NOTE: NICK THE FATHER OF LED. SINCE NE INVENTED 1 ST VISIBLE LIGHT EMITTING LED. THAT CAN REPLACE INCANDESCENT BULB ELECTRONIC SYMBOL BASIC CIRCUIT

PROCESS UNDERGOING IN LED:

DIFFERENCE B/W LEDS , CFL’S INCANDESCENT LED CFL INCANDESCENT

FEATURES LEDS INCANDESCENT CFLs Lifespan (avg) 50, 000 hrs 1200 hrs 8000 hrs Watts used 6 -8 watts 60 watts 13 -15 watts Annual operating cost $32. 85 $328. 59 $76. 65 Toxic mercury No toxic Hg Yes, causes harm Sensitivity to low temp None Some Yes(10<T<120) in Fahrenheit On/Off Cycling No Effect Some Effect Decrease life span Turns On instantly Yes No(take time to warm up) Durability Very durable Not durable(glass can break) Notdurable(gl ass can break) Light output for 450 lumens Requires 4 -5 watts Require 40 watts Requires 9 -13 watts Annual operating costs (30 incandescent bulbs per year equivalent) $328. 59 Rs 20, 043. 99 $76. 65 Rs 4, 675. 65 $32. 85 Rs 2, 003. 85

TOP 10 LED LIGHTING COMPANIES IN INDIA (2009 -11): S. N. O NAME OF COMPANY ANNUAL REVENUE(RS) 1 MIC Electronics Ltd 2339. 3 millions 2 Reiz Electronics Pvt Ltd 111. 3 millions 3 Insta Power Ltd 109 millions 4 Abby Lighting & Switchgear Ltd 68. 6 millions 5 Binay Opto Electronics Pvt Ltd 61. 3 millions 6 REI Electronics Pvt Ltd 56 millions 7 Avni Energy Solutions Pvt Ltd 50 millions 8 Alien Energy Pvt Ltd 33. 9 millions 9 Kwality Photonics Pvt Ltd 33. 1 millions 10 Promptec Renewable Energy Solutions Pvt Ltd 32. 1 millions

TYPES OF LEDS BASED ON COLOUR & MATERIAL LEDS UV&BLUE LED RGB SYSTEMS WHITE PHOSPHOR LED OTHER LEDS QUANTUM DOT LEDS

TYPES OF LED • 4. 1 Miniature • 4. 2 Mid-range • 4. 3 High-power • 4. 4 AC driven LED • 4. 5 Application-specific variations 4. 5. 1 Flashing 4. 5. 2 Bi-color LED 4. 5. 3 Tri-color 4. 5. 4 RGB 4. 5. 5 Decorative multicolor 4. 5. 6 Alphanumeric 4. 5. 7 Digital RGB

SHAPES OF LED BULBS:

Color Wavelength range (nm) 620 < λ < 645 Typical efficacy (lm/W) 72 Typical efficiency (W/W) 0. 39 Red-orange 610 < λ < 620 98 0. 29 Green 520 < λ < 550 93 0. 15 Cyan 490 < λ < 520 75 0. 26 Blue 460 < λ < 490 37 0. 35

ADVANTAGES: Efficiency Colour Size On/Off time Cycling Dimming Life time Shock resistance Focus Slow failure Doesn’t release Hg(which cause environment problems) v No Filament v v v

DISADVANTAGES: ØHigh initial price ØImpact on insects ØEfficiency drop ØBlue pollution ØTemperature dependence

USAGE: • LED tv • Traffic signals • Emergency vehicle lighting • Brake lights in automobiles • Head lights in automobiles • LED street lights are employed on poles and in parking garages. In 2007, the Italian village Torraca was the first place to convert its entire illumination system to LEDs • Used in airports like Runway , edge lights, guidance signs, and obstruction lighting.

ANNUAL SAVINGS BY LED: Lamp Cost($) No. Of. Lamps Total cost Energy cost/KWh Incandescent 2 42 84 23110 0. 2 4622 LED 25 42 1050 2189 0. 2 438 CFLS 7 13 91 1732 0. 2 346 NOTE: 42 INCANDESCENT BULBS CONSUMES ENERGY COST=$4622/ANNUM 42 LED BULB =$1050 =$3572 42 LED BULBS CONSUMES ENERGY COST =$438 SAVINGS BY USING LED INSTEAD OF INCANDESCENT =$3134/ANNUM $3134=3134*61=Rs 1, 91, 174 CAN BE SAVED+SAVE ENVIRONMENT FROM TOXIC GASES Annual energy cost

NOTE: On October 7, 2014, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for "the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" or, less formally, LED lamps. [10]

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