Relevant activities in EMEP EMEP Monitoring programme Expansion

Relevant activities in EMEP • EMEP Monitoring programme • Expansion to the EECCA region, HTAP • QA/QC Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU)

Monitoring programme/strategy: Level 1 • Main ions in precipitation and in air • heavy metals in precipitations • ozone • PM 10 and PM 2. 5 mass • meteorology at ca 125 sites Level 2, supersite (joint EMEP/GAW) • POPs • Heavy metals in air and aerosols • VOC • EC/OC, OC speciation • Mineral Dust • PM speciation incl. gas particle ratio + all level 1 activities 15 -20 sites Both levels are mandatory by all Parties Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Challenges to implement the strategy Level 1 v Some Parties have difficulties to find national resources, most problems in Eastern Europe v Many sites lack a few parameters to get a complete measurement program of level 1 Level 2 v POPs and Hg monitoring receives little attention v VOC receives little attention (but EU directive addressing PAHs offers assistance) v Full chemical speciation of particles is difficult. It’s costly, and there are problems to harmonise methodology (i. e for EC/OC) Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Intercontinental transport of Hg Mercury deposition to Europe: contribution of continents of NH Total annual Hg deposition in the Northern Hemisphere POPs and O 3 are also important topics in HTAP Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

HTAP Current ”integration” initiatives v WMO-GAW SACs and WCCs v EECCA region, monitoring capacity v Capacity building and improvement in infrastructures v Field data resources – meta data compilation (ACCENT) v Quality assurance documentation archive (ACCENT) v Initiatives towards “data flow harmonisation” v Harmonisation of monitoring strategies should be considered Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

New EMEP sites in the EECCA region Support from: CAPACT EECCA: East Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia http: //www. unece. org/ie/capact Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs KZ: Borovoye MD: Leovo GE: Abastumani AR: Amberd Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

CAPACT project (2004 – 2007): “Capacity Building for Air Quality Management and the Application of clean Coal Combustion Technologies in Central Asia” Objective The project will address the technological gaps and raise awareness of air quality management within the institutions in Central Asia. (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) v Improved policies for air quality management (emission, monitoring, reporting etc). v Investments in technologies for cleaner combustion of coal. v Improved national energy policies. http: //www. unece. org/ie/capact/ Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Expectations, EECCA countries v A very important region with very little monitoring today § High emissions § Strategic area for hemispheric transport issues § Links EMEP and EANET v Expected that most countries will sign the EMEP protocol soon. v Need to establish EMEP level 1 sites in each country. § Support can be found, i. e. from foreign aid money, EU, UNECE. v Training and capacity building is necessary. Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

WMO ICP Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Why QA/QC is vital v Comparable measurements needed to make regional and global assessments v Need methods that are easy to use, cheap and long lasting for trend analysis (changing methodology may affect the trend v. A harmonisation of methodology has been developed during the last 30 years and are still developing Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

QA activities in EMEP • Site characterization • Documentation of methods and material -detection limits, precision, accuracy, -instructions for maintenance and calibration • Manual and standard operating procedures (SOPs) • Lab intercalibration • Co-located experiments (field comparison) • Training courses • Data checking and validation -e. g calculate ion balance and time trends • Flagging data Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Necessary national QA/QC activities v Proper siting for representative measurements v Use recommended field and lab methods v Follow QA/QC procedures in field and lab v Evaluate the data and flag or delete biased or erroneous data v Report data in proper format and meta data: § § information of methods detection limits Precisions siting information Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Plotting time trends Plotting annual dataset Plotting ion balance Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

http: //www. nilu. no/trajectories/ All EANET sites is also included Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Field intercomparisons, SO 4 in air Estonia Spain Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Comparison of SO 2 measurements (filterpack vs. TCM) in Germany Schauinsland (DE 03) Zingst (DE 09) Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Summary of co-located SO 2 measurements Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Measurement and model intercomparison ? ? ES NO Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Lab intercomparisons annually Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

QA flags based on lab and field intercomp. Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Intercomparison between networks CAPMon / EMEP -2007 v EANET / EMEP – 2006 Global intercomparison: v lab WMO GAW PC v Field – nothing Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Field intercomparisons, EMEP -EANET NO 3 NH 4 SO 4 Na Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Summary v Global and hemispheric issues are more and more important v Lack of sites and measurements in several parts of the world v Need for further harmonisation of methods v QA/QC activities across the different regional networks are necessary § Initiative within the EU project ACCENT for a common meeting this autumn/winter Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Passive sampler and low cost denuder to be used in monitoring Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU)

Passive samplers Advantages v Excellent for high spatial resolution v Representativity studies v Inexpensive v Easy to use, and high flexibility v No need for electricity nor a real station /site v Long term exposure – E. g: cumulative uptake of ozone to forest Disadvantages v Inaccurate compared to active sampler v Long sampling time (episodes not detected) v Should be checked against active sampler Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Passive samplers can be an alternative method in some cases v SO 2 will be better taken from filterpack v NH 3 and HNO 3 is good supplements to filterpack to correct for gas/particle distribution –low cost denuder even bettre alternative Depending on purpose of monitoring: v NO 2 and O 3 may be replace active sampler But for health warnings and assessment hourly data are needed From IVL, Sweden v. POPs – good alternative for spatial assessment Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

POP passive sampler campaign Objectives: • To gain new insight into the spatial patterns • consistent sampling and analytical methodologies • passive air samplers as a complementary measurements • supporting model validation Selected POPs: PAHs PCBs, HCHs, HCB, “New” POPs (PBDEs) Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Passive samplers for POP - samplers developed that provide weekly, monthly or yearly time integrated air conc. Polyethylene PUF Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Accuracy v Passive samplers and active samplers deployed at the same site/duration Within a factor of 2 for various PAHs v Including higher molecular weight compounds associated with particles… v Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007

Nitrogen deposition v NOx dry deposition relatively small v NH 3 and HNO 3 dry dep is important and it necessary to study the gas particle distribution between NO 3 vs HNO 3 and NH 3. Vd between gas an particle is very different v Filterpack method can be biased due to NH 3 NO 3 evaporation from aerosol filet and/or HNO 3 NH 3 deposition on humid aerosol filter v Low cost denuder measurements is a good supplement/alternative – 1 month measurements Wenche Aas, EMEP/CCC , EANET STM 8 –Indonesia 2007