HEADNECK II Throat Pharynx Overview Sagittal view of

HEAD/NECK II: Throat/ Pharynx • Overview: Sagittal view of nose/mouth/throat • Nasal Cavity and Breathing • Mouth and Chewing • Throat and Swallowing • Larynx and Singing Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Sagittal Section Head • • • Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Cranial cavity Brain/Spinal cord Vertebral bodies Epaxial muscles Hard/soft palate Oral cavity Esophagus Trachea Epiglottis Nasopharynx Oro. Laringo-

Nose/Nasal Cavity and Breathing Function: • Inlet for air to lung • Warm/filter air (mucous membranes on ethmoid conchae) • Smell (nerve endings on nasal membranes) Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Conchae of Ethmoid Bone • Scroll-like bones • Covered in mucous membrane for – Smell – Filter air – Warm air Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Sinuses • All connected to nasal cavity • All lined with mucous membranes • Cold/allergies—fill with mucous=sinus headache • • Maxillary Ethmoid Frontal Sphenoid M&M, Fig. 7. 11 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Mouth/Oral Cavity and Chewing FUNCTION • Bite and chew food • Form words • Taste • Kiss Lined by thick stratified squamous epithelium (almost no keratin) COMPONENTS • Lips • Cheeks • Palate • Jaws and teeth • Salivary glands Vestibule—in front of teeth Oral cavity proper—behind teeth Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

FUNCTION • Close mouth • Keep food in • Make speech sounds • Tactile STRUCTURE • Core of sphinchter-shape skeletal muscle (orbicularis oris) • “Red margin” transition from keratinized skin to oral mucosa – Red because clear color lets underlying vessels show through – No sweat or sebaceous glands, thus needs to be wet (or lip balm) Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Lips

FUNCTION • Form side of moth STRUCTURE • Buccinator muscle— instrumental in swallowing, connects back to pharyngeal constrictors Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Cheeks

Palate • Hard palate anterior – Maxilla – Palatine • Soft palate is posterior extension, soft tissue • Palatoglossal arch (palate to tongue) • Palatopharyngeal arch (palate to pharynx) • Tonsils between arches • Uvula…? ? ? Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Jaws FUNCTION • Hold teeth • Occlude in chewing STRUCTURE • Upper jaw—maxillary bone • Lower jaw--mandible Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Teeth • Deciduous teeth—”milk” or “baby” teeth • Emerge 6 mos. – 2 yrs. • Replaced by permanent teeth 6 -12 yrs. • Wisdom teeth (3 rd molar) erupts 17 -25 yrs or remains in jaw Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Key to healthy teeth and gums: • Flossing • Visiting dentist regularly (every 6 mos. ) and starting at young age (3 -4 yrs. )

Structure of individual tooth—it’s alive!! Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Jaw muscles • Masseter, temporalis— elevate mandible (“close jaw”) • Medial pterygoid—lateral (side-to-side) chewing • Lateral pterygoid—translates mandible anteriorly (part of opening) • Digastric (not shown)— depresses mandible (“opens jaw”) • Chewing is circular motion Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Tongue FUNCTION • Position food between teeth • Form words in speech STRUCTURE • Intrinsic muscles (allow for shape change with fibers in various directions) • Extrinsic muscles— attach tongue to skeleton – Genioglossus – Hyoglossus Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Salivary glands • Intrinsic—all over mucous membranes of tongue, palate, lips, lining of cheek • Extrinsic—secrete more saliva when eating (or anticipating) – Parotid – Submandibular – Sublingual Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Saliva • • Moistens mouth Dissolves food to be tasted Wets and binds food Contains amylase to start starch digestion (saltine to sugar experiment) • Contains bicarbonate to neutralize cavitycausing acids produced by bacteria • Contains anti-bacterial and anti-viral enzymes and cyanide-like compound to kill harmful micro -organisms • Contains proteins that stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in the mouth Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Throat/Pharynx and Swallowing • Back of mouth to larynx • Food and air mix and cross Trachea gus PHARYNX Esopha STRUCTURES • Entry—pharyngeal arches • Exit—glottis (epiglottis is lid) • Pharyngeal constrictors squeeze food through • When it goes wrong—choking!! Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Air Food

Pharynx and Swallowing Focus on muscles and arrangement of mouth cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx Pharynx/Swallowing in detail!!

Descent of the larynx Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Larynx and Singing FUNCTION • Channel air out of trachea • Vibrate to produce sound for speech/song STRUCTURES • External skeleton or frame (cartilage) • Internal vocal cords and associated muscles Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Skeleton of larynx M&M, Fig. 21. 5 • Cricothyroid ligament is usual site of emergency tracheotomy (feel on self—SURFACE ANATOMY) Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

Vocal cords M&M, Fig. 21. 6 Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx