Fundamentals of Information Systems Ninth Edition Chapter 2

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Ninth Edition Chapter 2 Hardware and Software © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1

Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Identify and briefly describe the functions of the primary components of a computer Identify the characteristics of various classes of single-user and multiuser computer system, and discuss the usage of each class of system Identify some of the challenges and trade-offs that must be considered in implementing a data center Define the term “green computing” and identify the primary goals of this program © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d): Identify and briefly describe the functions of two basic kinds of software Define the term “sphere of influence, ” and describe how it can be used to classify software Define the basic functions performed by the operating system, utility programs, and middleware © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d): Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives Identify programming languages in use today Identify several key software issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Anatomy of a Computer • Hardware components include devices that perform: • • Input Processing Data storage Output © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 5

Anatomy of a Computer © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 6

Processor • Central processing unit (CPU) components • Arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas • Part of the computer that sequences and executes instructions • Memory • Provides the processor with a working storage area to hold program instructions and data • Input/output devices • Provide data and instructions to the computer and receives results from it © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 7

Processor • Clock speed • A series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time • Often measured in gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second • Many of today’s computers operate in the 1 to 4 GHz range © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 8

Multiprocessing • Multiprocessing • Involves the simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time • One form uses coprocessors • Coprocessor • Speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity • Multicore processor • Has two or more independent processing units, called cores © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 9

Parallel Computing • Parallel computing • The simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors • Massively parallel processing systems • Systems with thousands of such processors • Links hundreds or even thousands of processors to operate at the same time • Grid computing • The use of a collection of computers that work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 10

Memory • Main memory • Provides the CPU with a working storage area for programs and data • Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU • Storage capacity • Byte (B): eight bits that together represent a single character of data © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 11

Memory © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 12

Types of Memory • Random access memory (RAM) is temporary and volatile • Types of RAM • Static random access memory (SRAM) used for high-speed registers and caches • Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) used for main memory • Double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM) • Other forms of RAM • DDR 2 SDRAM, DDR 3 SDRAM, and DDR 4 SDRAM • DDR 4 reduces the energy required to run portable devices and servers • Read-only memory (ROM) is nonvolatile • It provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 13

Secondary Data Storage Devices • Secondary storage • Devices that store large amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with memory • Advantages over memory • Nonvolatility • Greater capacity • Greater economy © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 14

Secondary Data Storage Devices • Secondary storage is not directly accessible by the CPU • Computers usually use input/output channels to access secondary storage and then transfer the desired data to intermediate areas in primary storage • Most common forms • Magnetic • Optical • Solid state © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 15

Magnetic Secondary Storage Devices • Magnetic tape • A type of sequential secondary storage medium • Primarily for storing backups of critical organizational data • Hard disk drive (HDD) • A direct access storage device; consists of rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material • Virtual tape • A storage device for less frequently needed data © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 16

Optical Secondary Storage Devices • A form of data storage that uses lasers to read and write data • Common types of optical storage devices • • Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) Digital video disc (DVD) Blu-ray high-definition video disk DNA data storage: experimental at this time © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 17

Solid State Secondary Storage Devices • Solid state storage device (SSD) • Stores data in memory chips rather than magnetic or optical media • Advantages • Require less power and provide faster access than magnetic data storage devices • Have no moving parts, so they are less fragile than hard disk drives • A universal serial bus (USB) flash drive is a common SSD © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 18

Enterprise Storage Options • Enterprise storage • Large secondary storage • Forms of enterprise storage • Storage area networks (SANs) • Cloud computing storage © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 19

Storage Area Networks • Storage Area Networks (SAN) • A high-speed, special-purpose network that integrates different types of data storage devices into a single storage system and connects that to computing resources across an entire organization • SANs can provide capabilities such as: • Disk mirroring, data backup and restore, data archiving, data migration from one storage device to another, and sharing data among other devices © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 20

Storage Area Networks © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 21

Storage as a Service • Storage as a Service • A data storage model where a data storage service provider rents space to individuals and organizations • Rented data storage is accessed via the Internet • Cloud-based storage services • Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud, Apple i. Cloud, Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft Sky. Drive, and Mozy • Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (Amazon S 3) allows subscribers to upload, store, and download data © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 22

Input and Output Devices • Input and output devices: • Allow the user to provide data and instructions to the computer and to receive results from it • Are part of a computer’s user interface • Organizations should keep their business goals in mind when selecting input and output devices • Desired characteristics • Input devices: allow accurate and rapid entry • Output devices: produce timely results • Specialized functions may be required © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 23

Input Devices • Common Personal Computer Input Devices • Keyboard and mouse • Speech-Recognition Technology • Motion-Sensing Input Devices • Scanning Devices • Optical Data Readers • Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Devices © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 24

Input Devices © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 25

Input Devices • Magnetic Stripe Cards • Chip Cards • Smart Cards • Contactless Payment Cards • Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices • Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Devices • Bar-Code Scanners • Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Devices • Pen Input Devices • Touch Screens © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 26

Input Devices © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 27

Output Devices • Display Screens • Used to show output from the computer © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 28

Output Devices • Printers and Plotters • Two main types of printers - Laser - Inkjet • Plotters are used for general design work - Blueprints, schematics, and drawings of buildings © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 29

Output Devices • 3 D Printers • 3 D technology takes a three-dimensional model of an object stored on a computer and sends it to a 3 D printer to create the object using strands of a plastic filament or synthetic powder • Commonly used by aerospace firms, auto manufacturers, and other design-intensive companies • Bioprinting - Uses 3 D printers to build human parts and organs from actual human cells © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 30

Output Devices © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 31

Computer System Types • Two major groups of general-purpose computers • Single-user computers • Multiple-user computers © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 32

Mobile Computers • Mobile computers are small enough to carry easily • Smartphones • Allow users to place calls, download and run apps, send and receive text messages and email, view documents and files, take and send photos and videos, get driving directions via GPS, browse Web sites, and create playlists of digital tunes • Laptops, Notebooks, and Tablets • Laptops are designed for use by mobile users • Notebooks and ultrabooks are smaller than laptops • Tablet computers are portable, lightweight computers with or without a keyboard © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 33

Mobile Computers © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 34

Thin Clients, Desktops, and Workstations • A thin client is a low-cost, centrally managed computer with no internal or external attached drives for storage • Desktop computers are single-user computer systems that are highly versatile • A nettop computer is an inexpensive desktop computer • Smaller, lighter, and consumes much less power than a traditional desktop computer • Workstations are more powerful than personal computers but still small enough to fit on a desktop © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 35

Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers • Server • A computer employed by many users to perform a specific task, such as running network or Internet applications • Usually has special features that make it more suitable for operating in a multiuser environment • Scalability: the ability to increase the processing capability • Enable the system to handle more users, more data, or more transactions • Mainframe computer: a large, powerful computer shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine over a network • Supercomputers: one of the most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speed © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 36

Server Farms, Data Centers, and Green Computing • This section provides an overview of what the computer industry and various organizations are doing to meet their computing needs in a more efficient and environmentally friendly manner © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 37

Server Farms • Server farm: a room used to house a large number of servers • Access to the machines can be controlled and authorized support personnel can more easily manage and maintain the servers • Virtual server: a method of logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers • Each logical server acts as its own dedicated machine © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 38

Server Farms © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 39

Data Center • Data center • A climate-and-access-controlled building or a set of buildings that houses the computer hardware that delivers an organization’s data and information services • Factors driving growth in data centers: • Demand for additional computing capacity • Need for additional storage capacity • Some organizations are consolidating data centers from many locations down to just a few locations © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 40

Data Center • Construction Considerations • More efficient operation and reduced energy for processing and cooling - Modular design - Location: areas with milder climates and lower energy rates and land costs • Ability to absorb the impact of a disaster (e. g. , hurricane, earthquake, terrorism attack, or war) and quickly restore services © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 41

Green Computing • A program concerned with the efficient and environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products • Goals • Reduce the use of hazardous material • Allow companies to lower their power-related costs • Enable safe disposal or recycling of equipment © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 42

Green Computing • Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) • A system that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and selectronic products based on a total of 51 environmental criteria © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 43

An Overview of Software • Software • Consists of computer programs that control the workings of computer hardware • Software can be divided into two types: • System software – includes operating system (OS), utilities, and middleware that coordinate the activities and functions of the hardware and other programs • Application software – programs that help users solve particular computing problems © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 44

Software Sphere of Influence • Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization • Personal sphere of influence • Serves the needs of an individual user • Personal productivity software • Enables users to improve their personal effectiveness © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 45

Software Sphere of Influence • Workgroup: two or more people working together to achieve a common goal • Workgroup sphere of influence • Helps workgroup members attain their common goals • Enterprise sphere of influence • Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 46

Software Sphere of Influence © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 47

Systems Software • Controls the operations of computer hardware • Supports the application programs’ problem-solving capabilities • Types of systems software • Operating systems • Utility programs • Middleware © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 48

Operating Systems • A set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs • Combinations of OSs, computers, and users: • • Single computer with a single user Single computer with multiple simultaneous users Multiple computers with multiple users Special-purpose computers © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 49

Operating Systems © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 50

Operating Systems • Kernel • The heart of the operating system • Controls the most critical processes of the OS • Ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 51

Operating Systems • Functions performed by the OS • • Control common computer hardware functions Provide a user interface and input/output management Provide a degree of hardware independence Manage system memory Manage processing tasks Provide networking capability Control access to system resources Manage files © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 52

Operating Systems • Common Hardware Functions • • Get input from keyboard or another input device Retrieve data from disks Store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer • User Interface and Input/Output Management • A user interface allows individuals to access and interact with the computer system • A command-based user interface requires text commands • A graphical user interface (GUI) - The user interacts with icons and menus to send commands to the computer system © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 53

Operating Systems © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 54

Operating Systems • Hardware Independence • Application program interface (API): a set of programming instructions and standards for one software program to access and use the services of another software program • Hardware independence allows software development without concern for the specific underlying hardware • Memory Management • Allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing • Virtual memory: hard disk space is allocated to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM - Paging © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 55

Operating Systems • Processing Tasks: Five basic task management techniques • Multiuser: allows two or more users to run programs at the same time on one computer • Multiprocessing: supports running a program on more than one CPU • Multitasking: allows more than one program to run concurrently • Multithreading: allows different threads of a single program to run concurrently • Real time: responds to input instantly © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 56

Operating Systems • Networking Capability • Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources • Access to System Resources and Security • Provides protection against unauthorized access to the users’ data and programs • Establishes a logon procedure - May control access to specific system resources • Tracks who is using the system, length of use, and attempted security breaches © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 57

Operating Systems • File Management • Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed • Protects files from access by unauthorized users © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 58

Current Operating Systems © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 59

Personal Computing Operating Systems • Microsoft PC OS • As of Windows 10, Microsoft is moving away from releasing major new versions, but will provide ongoing, incremental upgrades and improvements © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 60

Personal Computing Operating Systems • Apple Computer OS • • • Mac OS X has been upgraded multiple times First eight versions were named after big cats Latest versions are named after places in California Mac OS X 10. 11 El Capitan is the latest version Mac users can set up their computers to run both Windows and Mac OS X © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 61

Personal Computing Operating Systems • Linux • Open-source operating system • Three of the most widely used distributions come from software companies: - Red Hat - SUSE - Canonical • open. SUSE is the distribution sponsored by SUSE © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 62

Personal Computing Operating Systems © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 63

Personal Computing Operating Systems • Google Chrome • Chrome OS - Linux-based operating system designed for netbooks and nettops - Designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers • Chromium OS: an open-source version of Chrome OS © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 64

Workgroup Operating Systems • Windows Server provides: • • A powerful Web server management system Virtualization tools that allow various operating systems to run on a single server Advanced security features Robust administrative support • UNIX • Can be used on many computer system types and platforms © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 65

Workgroup Operating Systems • Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server can manage a cluster of several servers • Mac OS X Server • First modern server OS from Apple • Based on the UNIX OS • Makes it easy to collaborate, develop software, host Web sites and wikis, configure Mac and i. OS devices, and remotely access a network © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 66

Enterprise Operating Systems • Examples of mainframe OSs • z/OS: IBM’s first 64 -bit enterprise OS • HP-UX from Hewlett-Packard • Linux © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 67

Smartphone Operating Systems • Smartphones employ full-fledged computer OSs • Google Android • Apple i. OS © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 68

Embedded Operating Systems • Embedded system: a computer system (including a processor) implanted in and dedicated to the control of another device • Popular OSs for embedded systems • Windows embedded • Proprietary Linux-based systems: Sony’s Wii; and OSs in e-book readers, ATMs, smartphones, networking devices, and media players © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 69

Utility Programs • Utility program: a program that helps to perform maintenance or correct problems with a system © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 70

Middleware • Middleware • Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data • Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and private corporate systems • Enterprise application integration (EAI): tying together of disparate applications • Service-oriented architecture (SOA): a software design approach using modules to provide specific functions as services to other applications © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 71

Application Software • Application programs’ primary function • To apply the power of the computer to enable people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve problems and perform specific tasks • Many software options are available • Software can be selected that best meets the needs of the individual, workgroup, or enterprise © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 72

Overview of Application Software • Proprietary software: a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application • Owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it • Off-the-shelf software: software mass-produced by software vendors • Addresses needs that are common across businesses, organizations, or individuals © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 73

Overview of Application Software © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 74

Overview of Application Software • Software as a service (Saa. S) • Businesses subscribe to Web-delivered business application software • Vendors include Oracle, SAP, Net. Suite, Salesforce, and Google © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 75

Personal Application Software • Word Processing • Create, edit, and print text documents • Spreadsheet Analysis • Perform statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and date and time calculations using a wide range of built-in functions • Database Applications • Store, manipulate, and retrieve data © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 76

Personal Application Software • Presentation Graphics Program • Develop graphs, illustrations, drawings, and presentations • Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages • A collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle • Suites can include: word processor, spreadsheet, database management, graphics, communications tools, and organizers • Programs are designed to work similarly • Bundled suite is cost effective © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 77

Personal Application Software © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 78

Personal Application Software • Other Personal Application Software • Turbo. Tax: tax-preparation program • Software for creating Web pages and sites, composing music, and editing photos and videos • Educational and reference • Entertainment, games, and leisure • Computer-assisted design (CAD) • Statistical software: SPSS and SAS © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 79

Personal Application Software • Mobile Application Software • • Number of apps has exploded Hundreds of thousands of applications have been developed by third parties Over 1. 8 million applications are available for i. Phones from the Apple App Store Over 2. 2 million apps are available in the Android market on Google’s Play Store © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 80

Personal Application Software © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 81

Workgroup Application Software • Workgroup application software • Designed to support teamwork with people in the same location or dispersed around the world © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 82

Enterprise Application Software • Enterprise application software • Software that benefits an entire organization • Helps managers and workers stay connected • Cost, installation and ability to integrate with other software major considerations in selecting this software • Usability on smartphones and mobile devices is also an important factor © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 83

Programming Languages • Programming languages • Sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements • Allows humans to communicate instructions to a computer • Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 84

Programming Languages © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 85

Software Issues and Trends • Software issues: • • • Software bugs Copyrights and licensing Open-source software Software upgrades Global software support © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 86

Software Bugs • Software bug: a defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should • Tips for reducing the impact of software bugs Register all software Check read-me files for solutions to known problems Access the support area of the manufacturer’s Web site for patches Install the latest software updates Before reporting a bug, make sure that you can recreate the circumstances under which it occurs • After you can recreate the bug, call the manufacturer’s tech support line • Consider waiting before buying the latest release of software to give the vendor a chance to discover and remove bugs. Many schools and businesses don’t purchase software until the first major revision with patches is released • • • © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 87

Copyrights and Licenses • Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions: • In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on one or two computers • In other cases, you pay for your usage; if you use the software more, you pay more • Some software now requires that you register or activate it before it can be fully used • Single-user license • Permits you to install the software on one or more computers, used by one person © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 88

Open-Source Software • Open-source software: distributed, typically for free, with the source code © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 89

Software Upgrades • Software companies revise their programs and sell new versions periodically • Software upgrades vary widely in the benefits that they provide • Developing an upgrading strategy is important for many businesses • Helps to ensure that updated software is more stable with fewer errors and problems © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 90

Global Software Support • Supporting local operations is one of the biggest challenges IS teams face when putting together standardized, company-wide systems • Outsourcing global support to one or more third-party distributors is gaining acceptance © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 91

Summary • The computer hardware industry is rapidly changing and highly competitive, creating an environment ripe for technological breakthroughs • Computer hardware must be carefully selected to meet the evolving needs of the organization and its supporting information systems • The computer hardware industry and users are implementing green computing designs and products © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 92

Summary • Software is valuable in helping individuals, workgroups, and entire enterprises achieve their goals • The OS is called the “soul of the computer” because it controls how you enter data into your computer, perform meaningful work, and display results • Organizations typically use off-the-shelf software to meet common business needs and proprietary software to meet unique business needs and provide a competitive advantage • The software industry continues to undergo constant change; computer users need to be aware of recent trends and issues in the software industry to be effective in their business and personal life © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 93