Child Development Ninth Edition Laura E Berk Chapter

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Evolutionary Origins of Families § Assuming responsibility for children’s enhanced survival § Even male/female balance provided protection against starvation. § Fathers invested care and time. § Extended kinship groups also helped. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Functions of the Family § § § Reproduction Economic services Social order Socialization Emotional support © Felix Mizioznikov | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Family as a Social System Family System A network of interdependent relationships Bidirectional All parties in the interaction influence Influences each other. Direct Influences How people act with each other Indirect Influences “Third parties” that affect family members © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Transition to Parenthood § Many profound changes § Roles often become more traditional. § Reduced with second child § Marriage can be strained. § Problems before children predict problems after. § Sharing care can help. © Barbara Reddoch | Dreamstime. com § Later parenthood eases transition. § Intervention for high-risk parents © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Benefits of Social Support ü Parental self-worth ü Parental access to valuable information and services ü Child-rearing controls and role models ü Direct assistance with child rearing § Wider array of competent models § Can reduce impact of ineffective parenting © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Child-Rearing Styles Acceptance Involvement Control Autonomy Authoritative High Adaptive Appropriate Authoritarian Low High Low Permissive High Too low or too high Low High Uninvolved Low Low Indifference © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Effectiveness of Authoritative Style § Authoritative style and children’s competence correlated § Affected by children’s temperament § Predicts maturity and adjustment § Parent–child relationship more bidirectional with time § Positive emotional context § Affection § Appropriate control § Respect for self-determination © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk For Discussion: Identifying Styles of Child Rearing Directions: Read each of the statements, and determine whether each pertains to an authoritative (AE), authoritarian (AN), permissive, (P), or uninvolved (U) style of child rearing. 1. Parents who use this style are low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control, and low in autonomy granting. 2. This style combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to autonomy granting. 3. At its extreme, this style is a form of child maltreatment called neglect. 4. This style is warm and accepting, but parents are either overindulging or inattentive. 5. The most successful approach to child rearing, this style involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting. 6. Children who experience this style are anxious, unhappy, low in self-esteem and self-reliance, and tend to react with hostility when frustrated. 7. Children of these parents are impulsive, disobedient, and rebellious. 8. Research shows that this style promotes maturity in children of diverse temperaments. 9. Although some parents believe in this approach, many others simply lack the confidence in their ability to influence their child’s behavior. 10. These parents engage in both unwarranted direct control and psychological control, in which they intrude on and manipulate children’s verbal expression, individuality, and attachments to © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. parents.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Development and Child Rearing § Middle childhood § Coregulation § Adolescence § Fostering autonomy § Emotional § Behavioral © Rick Lord | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Making Parenting Matter § Teach moral values. § Help overcome unfavorable disposition. § Adapt parenting. § Foster positive capacities. § Rich, varied experiences § Use authoritative style. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk SES and Child Rearing Socioeconomic status: Index of education, occupation, income High SES – Affluence Low SES – Poverty • Many benefits; children may get more: • Father involvement • Time, energy, material resources • Involvement in decisions • Risks: • Can be stressful; children may get more: • Commands • Criticism • Coercive discipline • Physical punishment • Uninvolved father • Accomplishment pressure • Isolation from adults © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk The Importance of Family Dinner Figure

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Ethnicity and Child Rearing § Compared to European -Americans, some groups might use: § More warmth § More strict control § More extended family © Jenkedco | Dreamstime. com § Parenting depends on cultural values and family context. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk The African-American Extended Family § Emotional support, shared income and resources § Associated with more positive mother–child interaction during the preschool years § Plays important role in transmitting African. American culture © Monkey Business Images | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Families Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk ü ü © Andres Rodriguez | Dreamstime. com ü ü Traditional Employed parents One child Gay and lesbian parents Single parents Divorced parents Blended Extended © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Trends in Having Children § Smaller numbers of children § Average: § 2. 1 in United States § 1. 9 in United Kingdom § 1. 6 in Canada § § Mothers’ careers Have first child later Divorce Expensive © Photowitch | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Growing Up with Siblings § Early § § Can be difficult transition for firstborn Infants find older siblings comforting. Play together by second year Temperament, parenting, and family context affect relationship. § Middle Childhood/Adolescence § Rivalry increases in middle childhood. § Still provide companionship, emotional support § Must adapt to adolescence © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk One-Child Families § Only children can be advantaged. § Higher in self-esteem and motivation § Do better in school § Attain higher levels of education than children with siblings § Closer relationships with parents § Can be less accepted in their peer groups § China’s one-child policy © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Adoptive Families § Fewer healthy babies available § Increase in adopting from other countries § Increase in adopting children with developmental problems § Adopted children and adolescents have more learning, emotional difficulties. § However, most fare well in long run. § Need warm, supportive parenting § Need knowledge of heritage © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Gay and Lesbian Parents § Growing numbers § Children similar in: § § Mental health Peer relations Gender identity Sexual orientation § May develop more empathy and tolerance © Erik 1977 | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk A Family with Two Fathers Video Click here to view a video on the topic of a family with two fathers. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Parental Pressure for Gender-Role Conformity Figure

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Single Parents § Dramatic increase § Young African-American women most likely to postpone marriage § Risks: § Poverty § Poor child outcomes § Need to strengthen social support, education, employment for low. SES women with children © Serrnovik | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk International Divorce Rates Figure 14. 4

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Consequences of Parental Divorce Immediate Long-Term § Instability, conflict, drop in income § Parental stress, disorganization § Affected by: § Improved adjustment after 2 years § Boys and children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems. § Father’s involvement affects adjustment. § Age § Temperament § Sex © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Child-Rearing Styles and Children’s Divorce Adjustment Figure 14. 5 Adapted from Wolchik et al. , 2000. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Helping Families Through Divorce § Divorce mediation § Joint custody § Child support © Iakov Filimonov | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk For Discussion: Applying Ecological Systems Theory to Divorce List factors that contribute to divorce, including the consequences of divorce for children and adolescents. Next, review the discussion of ecological systems theory (Chapter 1, pages 26– 29). For each factor listed, determine in which level of the environment it belongs. How does each level of the environment contribute to children’s outcomes following divorce? How do community-based services help both children and their families adjust to divorce? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Blended Families Mother–Stepfather Father–Stepmother § Most common § Often leads to reduced father–child contact § Boys usually adjust quickly. § Children in fathers’ custody often react § Girls adapt less favorably. negatively. § Older children and adolescents of both sexes § Girls and stepmothers slow to get along at first, display more problems. more positive interaction later. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Blended Families Video Click here to

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Maternal Employment and Child Development § About 75% of U. S. mothers with school-age children employed § Benefits: § § § Higher self-esteem Positive family and peer relations Fewer gender stereotypes Better grades More father involvement § Drawbacks: § Less time for children § Family–work conflicts § Risk of ineffective parenting © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Support for Working Parents § Flexible schedules, job sharing § Paid leave § Involvement of other parent § Equal pay and opportunities § High-quality child care © Christine Langer-püschel | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Child-Care Arrangements Figure 14. 6 From

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Child Care Video Click here to

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Developmentally Appropriate Early Childhood Programs ü ü ü ü Physical setting clean and in good repair Appropriate group size Low caregiver–child ratio Flexible, relevant daily activities Positive adult/child interactions Qualified teachers Parents encouraged to observe Licensed and accredited © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Self-Care § Increases with age, SES § Effects vary with: § § Children’s maturity How children spend their time Time alone Parenting § Supervision needed until age 8 or 9 § After-school programs helpful through early adolescence § Low-SES children benefit from academic after-care programs. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Child Maltreatment § § Physical abuse Sexual abuse Neglect Emotional abuse © Eric Simard | Dreamstime. com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Factors Related to Child Maltreatment ü Parent characteristics ü Child characteristics ü Family characteristics ü Community ü Culture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Consequences of Child Maltreatment § Family circumstances often impair: § § § Development of attachment Emotional self-regulation Empathy and sympathy Self-concept Social skills Academic motivation § Central nervous system damage and response to stress © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Child Sexual Abuse Victims • More often female • Reported in middle childhood Abusers • Usually male • Parent or known by parent Consequences • Emotional reactions • Physical symptoms • Effects on behavior Prevention and Treatment • Prevention: education • Treatment: long-term therapy © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Preventing Child Maltreatment § Strategies needed for family, community, and society § Family social support § Improved parenting practices § Healthy Families America § Nurse–Family Partnership § Combating poverty § Government intervention § Legal termination of parental rights © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk Home Visits for Child Abuse Prevention

Child Development Ninth Edition ● Laura E. Berk This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: § Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; § Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; § Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.