Digital Fundamentals Tenth Edition Floyd Chapter 1 Floyd

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Digital Fundamentals Tenth Edition Floyd Chapter 1 Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 2008

Digital Fundamentals Tenth Edition Floyd Chapter 1 Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 2008 Pearson Education © 2009 Pearson Education, ©Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ

Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Analog Quantities Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary continuously.

Summary Analog Quantities Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher power than digital systems. Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Analog and Digital Systems Many systems use a mix of analog and digital

Summary Analog and Digital Systems Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an analog signal for amplification. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Eight Advantages of Digital Systems Over Analog Systems 1. Reproducibility of the results 2.

Eight Advantages of Digital Systems Over Analog Systems 1. Reproducibility of the results 2. Accuracy of results 3. More reliable than analog systems due to better immunity to noise. 4. Ease of design: No special math skills needed to visualize the behavior of small digital (logic) circuits. 5. Flexibility and functionality. 6. Programmability. 7. Speed: A digital logic element can produce an output in less than 10 nanoseconds (10 -8 seconds). 8. Economy: Due to the integration of millions of digital logic elements on a single miniature chip forming low cost integrated circuit (ICs). Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 6 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Binary Digits and Logic Levels Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states,

Summary Binary Digits and Logic Levels Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system. VH(max) In binary, a single number is called a bit (for binary digit). A bit can have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if the voltage is HIGH or LOW. HIGH VH(min) Invalid VL(max) LOW VL(min) Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Digital Waveforms Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH levels. A positive

Summary Digital Waveforms Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Pulse Definitions Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise

Summary Pulse Definitions Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time, fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Periodic Pulse Waveforms Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats in

Summary Periodic Pulse Waveforms Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate it repeats and is measured in hertz. The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a periodic wave. What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3. 2 GHz? 313 ps Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Pulse Definitions In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms are described

Summary Pulse Definitions In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (t. W) and duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of t. W to T. Amplitude (A) Pulse width (t. W) Period, T Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Timing Diagrams A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two

Summary Timing Diagrams A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between two or more digital waveforms, A diagram like this can be observed directly on a logic analyzer. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Serial and Parallel Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

Summary Serial and Parallel Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Basic Logic Functions True only if all input conditions are true. True only

Summary Basic Logic Functions True only if all input conditions are true. True only if one or more input conditions are true. Indicates the opposite condition. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Logic Gates Symbol set 2 Symbol set 1 AND OR NOT a b a

Logic Gates Symbol set 2 Symbol set 1 AND OR NOT a b a a NAND NOR EXCLUSIVE OR Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed b a b (ANSI/IEEE Standard 91 -1984) a. b a+b a' (a. b)' (a+b)' a b a b & a. b + a+b 1 a' & (a. b)' 1 (a+b)' =1 a b 15 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Truth Tables • Provide a listing of every possible combination of values of binary

Truth Tables • Provide a listing of every possible combination of values of binary inputs to a digital circuit and the corresponding outputs. Truth table inputs outputs x. y • Example (2 inputs, 2 outputs): x y 0 0 0 1 1 1 Henry Hexmoor Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed x+y inputs outputs x y x. y Digital circuit x+y 16 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Logic Gates: The AND Gate • The AND Gate A A. B B Vcc

Logic Gates: The AND Gate • The AND Gate A A. B B Vcc 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Truth table Ground Top View of a TTL 74 LS family 74 LS 08 Quad 2 -input AND Gate IC Package Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 17 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Logic Gates: The OR Gate • The OR Gate A B A+B Truth table

Logic Gates: The OR Gate • The OR Gate A B A+B Truth table Top View of a TTL 74 LS family 74 LS 08 Quad 2 -input OR Gate IC Package Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 18 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Logic Gates: The NAND Gate • The NAND Gate A B (A. B)' A

Logic Gates: The NAND Gate • The NAND Gate A B (A. B)' A (A. B)' B • NAND gate is self-sufficient (can build any logic circuit with it). • Can be used to implement AND/OR/NOT. x x' • Implementing an inverter using NAND gate: Truth table View of a TTL Floyd, Top Digital Fundamentals, 10 th 74 LS ed 19 Package family 74 LS 00 Quad 2 -input NAND © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper. Gate Saddle IC River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Logic Gates: The NOR Gate • The NOR Gate A B (A+B)' • NOR

Logic Gates: The NOR Gate • The NOR Gate A B (A+B)' • NOR gate is also self-sufficient (can build any logic circuit with it). • Can be used to implement AND/OR/NOT. • Implementing an inverter using NOR gate: x x' Truth table Top View of a TTL 74 LS family 74 LS 02 Quad 2 -input NOR Gate IC Package Henry Hexmoor Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 20 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Logic Gates: The XOR Gate • The XOR Gate A A B B Truth

Logic Gates: The XOR Gate • The XOR Gate A A B B Truth table Vcc 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ground Top View of a TTL 74 LS family 74 LS 86 Quad 2 -input XOR Gate IC Package Henry Hexmoor Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 21 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Basic System Functions And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

Summary Basic System Functions And, or, and not elements can be combined to form various logic functions. A few examples are: The comparison function Basic arithmetic functions Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Basic System Functions The encoding function The decoding function Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10

Summary Basic System Functions The encoding function The decoding function Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Basic System Functions The data selection function Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed

Summary Basic System Functions The data selection function Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Basic System Functions The counting function Counter 1 2 3 4 5 Input

Summary Basic System Functions The counting function Counter 1 2 3 4 5 Input pulses Parallel output lines Binary code for 1 Binary code for 2 Binary code for 3 Binary code for 4 Binary code for 5 Sequence of binary codes that represent the number of input pulses counted. …and other functions such as code conversion and storage. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Basic System Functions One type of storage function is the shift register, that

Summary Basic System Functions One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and stores data each time it is clocked. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Integrated Circuits • An Integrated circuit (IC) is a number of logic gated fabricated

Integrated Circuits • An Integrated circuit (IC) is a number of logic gated fabricated on a single silicon chip. • ICs can be classified according to how many gates they contain as follows: – Small-Scale Integration (SSI): Contain 1 to 20 gates. – Medium-Scale Integration (MSI): Contain 20 to 200 gates. Examples: Registers, decoders, counters. – Large-Scale Integration (LSI): Contain 200 to 200, 000 gates. Include small memories, some microprocessors, programmable logic devices. – Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI): Usually stated in terms of number of transistors contained usually over 1, 000. Includes most microprocessors and memories. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 27 © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Integrated Circuits Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip: The TTL series, available

Summary Integrated Circuits Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip: The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular for laboratory experiments with logic. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Integrated Circuits An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit is wired

Summary Integrated Circuits An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit is wired using DIP chips and tested. DIP chips In this case, testing can be done by a computer connected to the system. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Integrated Circuits DIP chips and surface mount chips Pin 1 Dual in-line package

Summary Integrated Circuits DIP chips and surface mount chips Pin 1 Dual in-line package Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Small outline IC (SOIC) © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Integrated Circuits Other surface mount packages: SOIC Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed

Summary Integrated Circuits Other surface mount packages: SOIC Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed PLCC LCCC © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Test and Measurement Instruments The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope can

Summary Test and Measurement Instruments The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope can be divided into four major groups. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

For measuring digital Summary signals, use DC coupling Test and Measurement Instruments Normally, trigger

For measuring digital Summary signals, use DC coupling Test and Measurement Instruments Normally, trigger on the slower of two waveforms when comparing signals. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Test and Measurement Instruments The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital

Summary Test and Measurement Instruments The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital information or show data in tabular form. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Test and Measurement Instruments 0. 01 V The DMM can make three basic

Summary Test and Measurement Instruments 0. 01 V The DMM can make three basic electrical measurements. Voltage Resistance Current In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity, and occasionally making other measurements. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Summary Programmable Logic Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to fixed function devices.

Summary Programmable Logic Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to fixed function devices. The logic can be programmed for a specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less board space that fixed function devices. A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a combination of a programmable AND array and a fixed OR array: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Selected Key Terms Analog Being continuous or having continuous values. Digital Related to digits

Selected Key Terms Analog Being continuous or having continuous values. Digital Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set of discrete values. Binary Having two values or states; describes a number system that has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0 as its digits. Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0. Pulse A sudden change from one level to another, followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a sudden change back to the original level. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Selected Key Terms Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic

Selected Key Terms Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic waveform used to synchronize actions. Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic operations such as AND or OR. NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion. AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs only when all input conditions are true (HIGH). OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs when one or more of the input conditions are true (HIGH). Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

Selected Key Terms Fixed-function A category of digital integrated circuits having logic functions that

Selected Key Terms Fixed-function A category of digital integrated circuits having logic functions that cannot be altered. Programmable A category of digital integrated circuits capable of logic being programmed to perform specified functions. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved

1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems a. are less prone to noise b.

1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems a. are less prone to noise b. can represent an infinite number of values c. can handle much higher power d. all of the above Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are a.

2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are a. one b. two c. three d. ten Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

3. The time measurement between the 50% point on the leading edge of a

3. The time measurement between the 50% point on the leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge of the pulse is called the a. rise time b. fall time c. period d. pulse width Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the trailing edge of a

4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge of the pulse is called the a. rise time b. fall time c. period d. pulse width Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the a. rise

5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the a. rise time b. fall time c. period d. pulse width Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency is

6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency is a. 20 MHz b. 200 MHz c. 2 GHz d. 20 GHz Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form a. storage devices

7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form a. storage devices b. comparators c. data selectors d. all of the above Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

8. A shift register is an example of a a. storage device b. comparator

8. A shift register is an example of a a. storage device b. comparator c. data selector d. counter Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

9. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to

9. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to a single output line is called a a. comparator b. decoder c. counter d. multiplexer Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

10. For most digital work, an oscilloscope should be coupled to the signal using

10. For most digital work, an oscilloscope should be coupled to the signal using a. ac coupling b. dc coupling c. GND coupling d. none of the above Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved © 2008 Pearson Education

Answers: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 1. a 6. c 2. b 7.

Answers: Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed 1. a 6. c 2. b 7. d 3. d 8. a 4. b 9. d 5. c 10. b © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved