FOOD ON CANVAS RENAISSANCE The Renaissance is a

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FOOD ON CANVAS RENAISSANCE

FOOD ON CANVAS RENAISSANCE

The Renaissance is a period from the 15 th to the 17 th century,

The Renaissance is a period from the 15 th to the 17 th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern history. It started as a cultural movement in northern Italy and cities like Florence, Genova, Bologna and Venice in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe.

The Renaissance in Portugal The Portuguese Renaissance refers to the cultural and artistic movement

The Renaissance in Portugal The Portuguese Renaissance refers to the cultural and artistic movement in Portugal during the 15 th, 16 th and 17 th centuries. The Renaissance had a modest impact in Portuguese arts and made Portugal more humanist putting the human being “at the center of the universe” Manueline style or Late Gothic was the correct definition for this Art period in our country.

 Basket with cherries, cheese and potery jars (1670 -1680), Josefa de Óbidos oil

Basket with cherries, cheese and potery jars (1670 -1680), Josefa de Óbidos oil on canvas 50 x 110 cm, Private collection, Lisbon, Portugal

v Josefa de Ayala Figueira (Josefa D’ Óbidos) was a Spanish-born, Portuguese painter (1630

v Josefa de Ayala Figueira (Josefa D’ Óbidos) was a Spanish-born, Portuguese painter (1630 -1684). She was part of the Late Gothic art in Portugal. v She was known for her still life paintings with food items and her love for religion, mainly due to her three year stay in a Monastery and a strict religious education. v In this particular painting Josefa D’Óbidos depicted some typical Portuguese food items like cheese and “tigeladas”, a kind of dessert baked in the oven with a great amount of eggs, flour, brown sugar, honey and lemon. v The table looks organised, clean and full of calm and harmony which could be related to the painter’s connection to religious imagery.

FOOD IN THE RENAISSANCE

FOOD IN THE RENAISSANCE

THE LAST SUPPER - PAINTED BY LEONARDO DA VINCI 1495 -1497.

THE LAST SUPPER - PAINTED BY LEONARDO DA VINCI 1495 -1497.

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 -1519)was a famous Italian painter , scientist, inventor and polymath.

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 -1519)was a famous Italian painter , scientist, inventor and polymath. Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice, and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded him by Francis. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination.

v One of da Vinci’s most famous paintings, which is also the most famous

v One of da Vinci’s most famous paintings, which is also the most famous dinner party of all time, was based on the time when Jesus Christ revealed in the middle of a meal that one of his apostles had betrayed him. v According to the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke), the event takes place at Passover, a time when lamb would normally be served, but scripture is silent on the menu for this particular seder. v . Emphasysing religious figures and details it seems the artist didn’t pay much attention to the meal itself and all one can understand is the presence of bread, meat and wine.

MEAT Meat was very popular during the Renaissance, even though the poor didn't have

MEAT Meat was very popular during the Renaissance, even though the poor didn't have it often. The meat back then was very spicy, so it was extremely salted to hide the spicy flavor. Meat was usually served in ragouts or pottages which was good for dealing with preserved meat.

Cucina Vincenzo Campi Possibly 1580 -90, Cremona, Lombardy Oil on canvas Accademia di Belle

Cucina Vincenzo Campi Possibly 1580 -90, Cremona, Lombardy Oil on canvas Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera, Mila,

v Vincenzo Campi (Cremona, Italy 1536 — 1591). He was known for his various

v Vincenzo Campi (Cremona, Italy 1536 — 1591). He was known for his various painting of still life (vegetables, fruit and food). In this case he painted a kitchen scene which was more typical of Dutch painters. v The kitchen (cucina) belonged to the network of service spaces - from pantries to wine cellars - that kept the house supplied with food and drink. v Many servants rarely left the kitchens, and the woman of the house paid frequent visits to supervise their work. v This Kitchen scene shows us a lot of life and action happening at the same time. Women and men , probably servants, are preparing the animal meat before it is cooked and there a couple of pets as well, making this a typical domestic scene, probably in the kitchen of a noble family, for whom so much meat would be something common on special dates.

v The Renaissance was a period of Discoveries as Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas

v The Renaissance was a period of Discoveries as Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas during the 14 th century. v A variety of vegetables, spices and fruits were introduced, which made the European kitchen hungrier for more new tastes and flavors.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES v The rich usually had more fruit than the poor, but

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES v The rich usually had more fruit than the poor, but they both had it. Preserved fruit was the closest thing to "sweets" that there was. The season for fruit was short, so the fruit was either preserved "wet" or "dry", wet meaning it would be made into marmalade, and dry for example, it would be like orange peels. The vegetables were usually preserved in brine or vinegar. The most common vegetables were leeks, cauliflower, artichokes and chicory.

BACCHUS, CARAVAGGIO C. 1597; OIL ON CANVAS, 37 3/8 X 33 1/2 IN; UFFIZI,

BACCHUS, CARAVAGGIO C. 1597; OIL ON CANVAS, 37 3/8 X 33 1/2 IN; UFFIZI, FLORENCE

v Michelangelo Merisi (or Amerighi) da Caravaggio (1517 -1610) was an Italian painter active

v Michelangelo Merisi (or Amerighi) da Caravaggio (1517 -1610) was an Italian painter active in Rome, Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1592 and 1610. v His paintings, which combine realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence of Baroque painting. v The painting shows a youthful Bacchus reclining in classical fashion with grapes and vine leaves in his hair. On a stone table in front of him is a bowl of fruit and a large carafe of red wine; with his left hand he holds out to the viewer a shallow goblet of the same wine, apparently invinting the viewer to join him.

VERTUMNUS, ARCIMBOLDO A PORTRAIT DEPICTING RUDOLF II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR PAINTED AS VERTUMNUS, THE

VERTUMNUS, ARCIMBOLDO A PORTRAIT DEPICTING RUDOLF II, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR PAINTED AS VERTUMNUS, THE ROMAN GOD OF THE SEASONS, C. 1590 -1. SKOKLOSTER CASTLE, SWEDEN.

v Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1526 -1593) was an Italian painter best known for creating imaginative

v Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1526 -1593) was an Italian painter best known for creating imaginative portrait heads made entirely of food items, such as fruit, vegetables, flowers, fish. v In this painting Arcimboldo mixes a variety of fruit with a classical Roman Empire figure, typical of Renaissance art. He created Rudolph’s image as the character of the Vertumnus, the God of plant life, growth and the change of seasons, compiled of fresh fruit and vegetables.

SEASONS FOR FOODS v Season plays a big part on food. One does not

SEASONS FOR FOODS v Season plays a big part on food. One does not get lamb in August, or fresh artichokes in March. Strawberries are intense, but brief in in pleasure in June. Meats are seasonal too. Pigs get slaughtered in December and their remains get served as sausage, bacon, etc. and are eaten until spring. Spring is the most difficult season for food because the food that was harvested in the late summer and Autumn and is often gone and it would be too early to grow crops, but then lamb season comes quick. This would be the food that both the rich and the poor would have back then in the renaissance.

THE PEASANT WEDDING BRUEGEL 1568 – NETHERLANDS KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM, VIENNA

THE PEASANT WEDDING BRUEGEL 1568 – NETHERLANDS KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM, VIENNA

v Pieter Bruegel was born in Anthuerp in 1525, he died on September 9,

v Pieter Bruegel was born in Anthuerp in 1525, he died on September 9, 1569. v He was born in Anthuerp but he spent some time in France and Italy and then in 1551 he was accepted as a master in the painter’s guild. He travelled to Italy soon after, and then returned to Antwerp before settling in Brussels permanently 10 years later. v He was a Dutch Renaissance painter known for his landscape and peasant scenes.

v He painted scenes of everyday life such as this painting, full of warmth

v He painted scenes of everyday life such as this painting, full of warmth and life while describing a peasant wedding with different types of food (meat, cheese or the typical beer of Anthuerp) v In Renaissance dining, fruit is essentially an important element in completing a fine meal. Usually served last in forms of marmalades or salads or what we call now as desserts. The term “dessert” was not used during those times as it carries with it a point for debate. “Dessert” was simply called the last meal course. This rose into popularity when sugar became more available for European consumers as new crops of sugarcanes were brought in from the Americas. On the painting a large tray of puddings is being served to the wedding guests

The Royal Feast (1579), Sanchez Coello Oil on canvas, Warsow Museum

The Royal Feast (1579), Sanchez Coello Oil on canvas, Warsow Museum

ALONSO SANCHEZ COELLO (1531 -1588). v This Spanish painter travelled to Portugal in his

ALONSO SANCHEZ COELLO (1531 -1588). v This Spanish painter travelled to Portugal in his youth where he started his artistic education working for the king João III. The king enjoyed the painter’s work and sent him to Flanders where he had the opportunity to wotk with the Spanish painter António Moro. v Then he went back to Spain and became the personal painter of Filipe II who later became a King of Portugal. v He became famous for his royal portraits and depiction of noble life scenes.

v The Royal Feast represents a meal of Filipe II’s and his court. v

v The Royal Feast represents a meal of Filipe II’s and his court. v Fruit items, such as pears and grapes, bread and wine are depicted in this painting making every guest’s delights. One of the nobles seems to be serving soup and fish to the king. v We can see sophisticated plates with golden details, revealing all the wealth of the Spanish court due to South American Empire.

UTENSILS v In the Renaissance, kitchen and table utensils were quite basic and table

UTENSILS v In the Renaissance, kitchen and table utensils were quite basic and table manners were mainly a matter of the nobles. There were some cutlery items, like knives and a few forks, but most of the time people ate using their bare hands. v Even in large kitchens, the equipment was quite basic. The most important item was the mortar (ancestor of the modern blender), used for grinding and mixing all sorts of ingredients. But there were also pastry cutters to make pies, terracotta pots for slow braising and spits for roasting meat. Few of these survive, and most come from archaeological excavations.

BODEGÓN Francisco de Zurbarán 1636

BODEGÓN Francisco de Zurbarán 1636

FRANCISCO DE ZURBARÁN (1598 -1664). v As a child he showed a talent for

FRANCISCO DE ZURBARÁN (1598 -1664). v As a child he showed a talent for painting and he was sent to Seville in 1614 to apprentice with the artist Pedro Diaz Villanueva. Years later he became a painter in Seville and at the time, religious orders were a significant source of work for artists. In fact, the majority work of this Spanish painter followed religious themes. v Many of his theologically inspired paintings are simple, yet emotionally compelling, works that show his naturalistic style, as well as his skilled use of light and shadow. Zurbarán's few secular pieces include exquisite still life images, such as “Bodegon- Still Life with Pottery Jars”( the one we chose) "Still Life with Lemons, Oranges and a Rose" (1633), and a "Labors of Hercules" series painted for the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid.

v The term bodegon comes from the Spanish word “bodega” which translates to “pantry”,

v The term bodegon comes from the Spanish word “bodega” which translates to “pantry”, “tavern”, or “wine cellar”. In art, bodegon refers to the depiction of household objects like vases, flowers, fruit, game and other foods and utensils. v In Spanish art, Bodegón is a still life with pottery jars depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen.

ERASMUS + v Work done by: v Cristian Martea v Francisco Pedro v João

ERASMUS + v Work done by: v Cristian Martea v Francisco Pedro v João Gil v Martim Gonçalves v Nuno Faria v Rodrigo Dias v Teresa Soares Carneiro v Tiago Osório