Focus on the Learner Chapter 3 Advance Organizer

Focus on the Learner Chapter 3

Advance Organizer VYGOTSKY • On Language • Zone of Proximal Development FREUD (3) Components of Personality (5) Psychosexual Stages of Dev’t ERICKSON (8) Psycho-social Stages of Development PIAGET (4) Stages of Cognitive Development Theories Related to the Learners’ Development BRONFENBRENER Bio-Ecological Systems KOHLBERG (3) Levels and (6) Substages of Moral Development

Sigmund Freud • Components of Personality • Psychosexual Stages of Development

(3) Components of Personality 1. Id or Conscious level 2. Ego or Preconscious level 3. Superego or Unconscious level - each component adds its own unique contribution to personality and all three elements work together to form complex human behaviors

Id or Conscious level - is the only component of personality that is present from birth . - driven by the pleasure principle which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs; if these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension - the pleasure principle is the driving force of the id that seeks immediate gratification of all needs, wants, and urges; strives to fulfill our most basic and primitive urges, including hunger, thirst, anger, and sex - when these needs are not met, the result is a state of anxiety or tension.

- immediately fulfilling these needs is not always realistic or even possible, if we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing the things that we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings

- the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process - involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need. - example, if you were craving for pizza or burger but sadly did not have any at the moment, you might deal with this by visualizing these food

How Does the Primary Process Influence Personality? - acts as the id's mechanism for discharging the tension created by the pleasure principle, rather than act on dangerous or unacceptable urges, the id forms a mental image of a desired object to substitute for an urge in order to diffuse tension and anxiety - this image can take the form of a dream, hallucination, fantasy, or delusion

- while the primary process can be used to temporarily reduce tension, it is only effective in the short-term, the mental image of the food you are craving will only satisfy you for so long eventually, the tension will return when needs go unfulfilled

Ego or Preconscious Level - is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality - according to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world - the ego functions in both the conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind

- as people develop and grow more mature, the ego and superego eventually emerge and begin to exert their own influence over personality - later, the secondary process will begin to play a role in dissipating tension caused by the id's desire to meet basic needs and the ego's need to conform to reality Secondary process - helps manage and relieve tension created when the ego prevents the id from pursuing it's urges or desires

An Example of How the Secondary Process Works Example: You are in the middle of a psychology class lecture. Your stomach begins to rumble. The id begins to demand satisfaction, urging you to do something to end your hunger. What do you do? Run out of class to the nearest fast-food vendor? Reach out and grab a bag of sandwich placed on a classmates desk? Both of these actions would be inappropriate and could lead to some serious ramifications.

- Instead, the ego uses the secondary process to temporarily discharge the id's energy until you are able to safely and appropriately fulfill your need. You spend the last minutes of class fantasizing about a cheesy slice of pepperoni pizza. As soon as class is dismissed, you head to your favorite pizza parlor for lunch. - the strength of the secondary process can vary depending upon a number of factors. If the id's needs are very urgent, like if you really need to get to a restroom as quickly as possible, these needs may override the ego and the secondary process and instead force you to act on such demands

- the strength of the secondary process can vary depending upon a number of factors. If the id's needs are very urgent, like if you really need to get to a restroom as quickly as possible, these needs may override the ego and the secondary process and instead force you to act on such demands - the ability to restrain the basic demands of the id have probably become stronger as one grows older - according to Freud, a healthy adult personality is characterized by the ability to delay gratification until it is acceptable or realistic.

delay gratification - involves the ability to wait to get what you want - the ego operates based on the reality principle which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways - the reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses, in many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place

Superego or Unconscious level - the superego is the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and society - the superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically.

When Does the Superego Develop? - in Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the superego is the last component of personality to develop - the id is the basic, primal part of personality, that is present from birth, next, the ego begins to develop during the first three years of a child's life and finally, the superego starts to emerge around the age of five - the ideals that contribute to the formation of the superego include not just the morals and values that we have learned from our parents, but also the ideas of right and wrong that we acquire from society and the culture in which we live

- the ideals that contribute to the formation of the superego include not just the morals and values that we have learned from our parents, but also the ideas of right and wrong that we acquire from society and the culture in which we live

The Goals of the Superego 1. to suppress entirely any urges or desires of the id that are considered wrong or socially unacceptable. 2. tries to force the ego to act morally rather than realistically 3. the superego strives for moral perfections, without taking reality into account

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Erik Erickson * Psycho-social Stages of Development

Jean Piaget * Stages of Cognitive Development

Lev Vygotsky • On Language • Zone of Proximal Development