CS 704 Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 VUAdvanced

CS 704 Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 1

Advanced Computer Architecture Introduction Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Chughtai VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 2

Advanced Computer Architecture Prerequisites VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 3

Computer System VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 4

Computer Architecture Verses Organization VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 5

Academic History 1944 Stored program concept VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 6

Academic History 1945 ENIAC the World’s First operational calculator VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 7

Academic History 1946 ISA machine 10 times faster than ENIAC VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 8

Commercial History 1949 – 51 UNIVAC-I $1 Million VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 9

Commercial History … Cont’d VU-Advanced Computer Architecture 1952 - 63 IBM-701 CDC 6600 PDP-8 Lecture 1 -Introduction 10

Microprocessors 1971 - 2006 Mainframe Supercomputer Server Workstation PC Minisupercomputer Massively Parallel Processors VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 11

Course Focus Quantitative principle of computer design VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 12

Course Focus Instruction set Architectures VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 13

Course Focus Datapath and control VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 14

Course Focus Memory Hierarchy Design Main memory Cache Hard drives VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 15

Course Focus Multiprocessor Architectures VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 16

Course Focus Storage and I/O Systems VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 17

Course Focus Computer Clusters VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 18

Text Book Computer Architecture: A quantitative approach Hennessy J. L and Petterson D. A, 3 rd Ed. 2003, 4 th Ed. 2006 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 19

References Computer Organization and Design: The hardware/software interface Hennessy and Petterson VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 20

References Computer Organization and Architecture 6 th Stalling W. Edition Prentice Hall, 2003 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 21

References Research papers on Computer Design and Architecture IEEE and ACM conferences, transactions and journals VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 22

Topic Coverage Fundamentals of Computer Design Instruction Set Principles Computer H/W Design (Review) Inst. Level Parallelism (Dynamic Approach) Inst. Level Parallelism (Software approach) Memory Hierarchy Design I/O and Storage System Interconnection Networks and multiprocessors VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction Ch. 1 Ch. 2 (Lec. Notes/ App. A) Ch. 3 Ch. 4 Ch. 5 Ch. 7 Ch. 8 and Ch. 6 23

Course Style Research in the small VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 24

Four Perspective of Computer Architecture Input/Output and Storage Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Memory Hierarchy Processor Design VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 25

Processor Design: Input/Output and Storage Computer Architecture Perspective. . Cont’d Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Memory Hierarchy L 1 Cache Processor Design Cache design, block size and associativity VLSI Instruction Set Architecture Addressing modes and Protection Pipelining, Instruction Level Parallelism, Hazard Resolution, Superscalar, Reordering, Prediction, Speculation, Vector, DSP VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 26

Memory Hierarchy: Input/Output and Storage Computer Architecture Perspective. . Cont’d Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection Virtual Memory Emerging Technologies Interleaving Bus protocols DRAM Memory Hierarchy L 2 Cache Processor Design Coherence, Bandwidth, Latency L 1 Cache Instruction Set Arch. Pipelining, ILP etc. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 27

I/O and Storage: Computer Architecture Perspective Disks and Tape Input/Output and Storage Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection RAID DRAM Memory Hierarchy Processor Design L 2 Cache L 1 Cache Instruction Set Arch. Pipelining, ILP etc. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 28

Multiprocessor and Networks: Computer Architecture Perspective Disks, WORM, Tape Input/Output and Storage RAID Shared memory P DRAM Memory Hierarchy Multiprocessor and Network Interconnection L 2 Cache M …. . P P P Interconnecting network Network switches Routing, bandwidth, latency Processor Design L 1 Cache Instruction Set Arch. Pipelining, ILP etc. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 29

Computer Design Cycle Performance Technology and Cost VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 30

Computer Design Cycle Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks Benchmarks 1 Performance Technology and cost The computer design is evaluated for bottlenecks using certain benchmarks to achieve the optimum performance. . VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 31

Performance (Metric) …. Design cycle cont’d Time/Latency: The wall clock or CPU elapsed time. Throughput: The number of results per second. Other measures such as MIPS, MFLOPS, clock frequency (MHz), cache size do not make any sense. VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 32

Performance (Measuring Tools) … Design Cycle Cont’d Benchmarks: Hardware: Cost, delay, area, power consumption Simulation (at levels - ISA, RT, Gate, Circuit) Queuing Theory Rules of Thumb Fundamental “Laws”/Principles VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 33

Computer Design Cycle 1: Performance Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks using Benchmarks 2: Technology Workloads Simulate New Designs and Organizations The Technology Trends motivate new designs. These designs are simulated to evaluate the performance for different levels of workloads. Simulation helps in keeping the result verification VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 34

Technology Trends: Computer Generations Vacuum tube Transistor Small scale integration 1946 -1957 1 st Gen. 1958 -1964 2 nd Gen. 1965 -1968 – Up to 100 devices/chip Medium scale integration 1969 -1971 3 rd Gen. – 100 -3, 000 devices/chip Large scale integration 1972 -1977 – 3, 000 - 100, 000 devices/chip Very large scale integration 1978 on. . 4 th Gen. – 100, 000 - 100, 000 devices/chip Ultra large scale integration – Over 100, 000 devices/chip VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 35

Technology Trends: Processor Transistor density 100, 000 Graduating Window 5. 2 – 15 Million transistors in Power. PC and Pentium Pro 10, 000 I Pentium I 80486 Moor’s Law 1, 000 Transistors I 80386 I 80286 100, 000 I 8086 10, 000 I 8080 I 4004 1, 000 1970 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Lecture 1 -Introduction 36

Technology Trends: Processor Performance of Microprocessor is more than supercomputer 1000 Supercomputers 100 Mainframes 10 Minicomputers Microprocessors 1 0. 1 1965 VU-Advanced Computer Architecture 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Lecture 1 -Introduction 37

Computer Design Cycle 3: Cost 1: Performance Implementation Complexity The systems are implemented using the latest technology to obtain cost effective, high performance solution - the implementation complexities are given due consideration Implement Next Generation System 2: Technology VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 38

Price Verses Cost The relationship between cost and price is complex one The cost is the total amount spends to produce a product The price is the amount for which a finished good is sold. The cost passes through different stages before it becomes price. A small change in cost may have a big impact on price VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 39

Thank You and Aslamu-a-Lacum VU-Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture 1 -Introduction 40