3 Recognizing and Identifying the Hazards 3 Objectives

3 Recognizing and Identifying the Hazards

3 Objectives (1 of 5) • Describe occupancies that may contain hazardous materials. • Understand how to use senses to detect the presence of hazardous materials. • Describe specific container shapes/types that may indicate hazardous materials.

3 Objectives (2 of 5) • Describe shipping and storage tanks that could hold hazardous materials. • Describe apparatuses that can transport hazardous materials. • Identify product, owner, and emergency telephone number on a pipeline marker.

3 Objectives (3 of 5) • Describe how to identify a placard, label, and marking. • Describe the NFPA 704 hazard identification system. • Describe how to use the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG).

3 Objectives (4 of 5) • Describe how to use the Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials. • Describe material safety data sheets (MSDS) and shipping papers. • Describe CHEMTREC and the National Response Center.

3 Objectives (5 of 5) • Describe how to identify criminal or terrorist activity involving chemical, biological, or radiological agents. • Describe how to identify an illicit laboratory, as well as explosive and secondary devices.

3 Scene Size-Up • “Read” the scene. • Truly understand what you see. • Think before you act.

3 Recognizing a Hazardous Materials/WMD Incident • Different from other types of emergencies – Moves more slowly – Chemicals or materials largely dictate actions – Responders must be conscious of the law enforcement aspect of the incident

3 Occupancy and Location • Indicate possible presence of hazardous material • Materials at location may already be known • Locate key safety personnel from facility

3 Senses • • Initially, stay distant from incident. Look. Listen. Do not “lead with your nose. ”

3 Containers • Vessels or receptacles that hold material • Provide clues about the substance inside

3 Drums (1 of 2) • • Barrel-like nonbulk storage vessels Store a wide variety of substances 55 -gallon capacity is common Cardboard, polyethylene, stainless steel, other materials

3 Drums (2 of 2) The drum shown here is made of polyethylene.

3 Dewar Containers (1 of 2) • Hold cold liquids • Designed to preserve temperature of liquid

3 Dewar Containers (2 of 2) A series of Dewar containers stored adjacent to a compressed gas cylinder.

3 Bulk Storage Containers • Over 119 gallons (liquid) • More than 882 pounds (bulk) • Include: – Fixed tanks – Highway cargo tanks – Rail tank cars – Totes

3 Secondary Containment • Helps contain spilled or released product

3 Large-Volume Horizontal Tanks • Above-ground storage tanks (ASTs) • Underground storage tanks (USTs) • May contain millions of gallons

3 Totes (1 of 2) • Intermediate bulk container (IBC ) • Capacity from 119 to 703 gallons • Hazardous to ship and store

3 Totes (2 of 2) A tote is a commonly encountered bulk storage vessel.

3 Intermodal Tanks (1 of 5) • • For both shipping and storage Hold between 5000 and 6000 gallons Pressurized or nonpressurized Can contain liquefied gases (cryogenic liquids)

3 Intermodal Tanks (2 of 5) IM-101 portable tank (IMO type 1 internationally).

3 Intermodal Tanks (3 of 5) IM-102 portable tank (IMO type 2 internationally).

3 Intermodal Tanks (4 of 5) Pressure intermodal tank (IMO type 5 internationally).

3 Intermodal Tanks (5 of 5) • Other types of IM tanks – Cryogenic intermodal tanks (IMO type 7 internationally) – Tube modules

3 Nonbulk Storage Vessels (1 of 6) • Contain up to 119 gallons • Include: – Drums – Bags – Compressed gas cylinders – Cryogenic containers

3 Nonbulk Storage Vessels (2 of 6) A bung wrench is used to operate the openings on the top of a closed-head drum.

3 Nonbulk Storage Vessels (3 of 6) An open-head drum has a lid that is fastened with a ring that is tightened with a clasp or a nut-and-bolt assembly.

3 Nonbulk Storage Vessels (4 of 6) A pesticide bag must be labeled with the appropriate information.

3 Nonbulk Storage Vessels (5 of 6) A carboy is used to transport and store corrosive chemicals.

3 Nonbulk Storage Vessels (6 of 6) A small cryogenic Dewar container.

3 Transporting Hazardous Materials • Air, sea, and land • Most common method is by roadway • A cargo tank is: – Bulk packaging attached to/part of a vehicle – Separate from vehicle, but unloaded without being removed from vehicle

3 MC-306/DOT 406 Flammable Liquid Tanker (1 of 2) • • • Liquid food-grade products Gasoline Other flammable and combustible liquids 6000 to 10, 000 gallons Nonpressurized Remote emergency shut-off valves

3 MC-306/DOT 406 Flammable Liquid Tanker (2 of 2) The MC-306/DOT 406 flammable liquid tanker typically hauls flammable and combustible liquids.

3 MC-307/DOT 407 Chemical Hauler (1 of 2) • • Flammable liquids Mild corrosives Poisons 6000 to 7000 gallons

3 MC-307/DOT 407 Chemical Hauler (2 of 2) The MC-307/DOT 407 chemical hauler carries flammable liquids, mild corrosives, and poisons.

3 MC-312/DOT 412 Corrosives Tanker (1 of 2) • Smaller diameter than MC-306/DOT 406 or MC-307/DOT 407 • Capacity of approximately 6000 gallons • Carries corrosives, such as: – Concentrated sulfuric acid – Phosphoric acid – Sodium hydroxide

3 MC-312/DOT 412 Corrosives Tanker (2 of 2) The MC-312/DOT 412 corrosives tanker is commonly used to carry corrosives such as concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide.

3 MC-331 Pressure Cargo Tanker (1 of 2) • Carries materials such as ammonia, propane, Freon, and butane • 1000 to 11, 000 gallons • Explosion threat exists – Spring-loaded relief valves unable to keep up with rapidly building internal pressure

3 MC-331 Pressure Cargo Tanker (2 of 2) The MC-331 pressure cargo tanker carries materials such as ammonia, propane, Freon, and butane.

3 MC-338 Cryogenic Tanker (1 of 2) • Maintains low temperatures for cryogens • Vents puffs of white vapor (normal) • Explosion hazard with incorrect valve operation

3 MC-338 Cryogenic Tanker (2 of 2) The MC-338 cryogenic tanker maintains the low temperatures required for the cryogens it carries.

3 Tube Trailer (1 of 2) • Compressed gases, such as: – Hydrogen – Oxygen – Helium – Methane

3 Tube Trailer (2 of 2) A tube trailer is made up of several individual cylinders banded together and affixed to a trailer.

3 Dry Bulk Cargo Tank (1 of 2) • • Powders Pellets Fertilizers Grain

3 Dry Bulk Cargo Tank (2 of 2) A dry bulk cargo tank carries dry goods.

3 Railroad Transportation • Relatively few hazardous materials incidents • But can cause large-scale emergencies • Get information on contents from conductor/engineer or from tank labels

3 Nonpressurized (General-Service) Rail Tank Car (1 of 2) • General industrial chemicals – Corn syrup – Flammable and combustible liquids – Mild corrosives • 4000 to 40, 000 gallons

3 Nonpressurized (General-Service) Rail Tank Car (2 of 2) A nonpressurized rail tank has visible valves and piping.

3 Pressurized Rail Tank Car (1 of 2) • Carries pressurized industrial chemicals – Propane – Ammonia – Ethylene oxide – Chlorine • Potential for high-pressure leaks

3 Pressurized Rail Tank Car (2 of 2) Pressurized rail tank cars have top mounted fittings for loading and unloading.

3 Special-Use Rail Tank Car (1 of 2) • Hazard will be unique to the particular railcar and its contents – Boxcar – Flat car – Cryogenic tank car – Corrosive tank car

3 Special-Use Rail Tank Car (2 of 2) Special-use rail tank cars include boxcars, flat cars, cryogenic and corrosive tank cars. Tube cars are no longer in service.

3 Pipelines (1 of 2) • Rarely involved in emergencies • Pipeline emergencies are complicated, require specially trained responders • Transport natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel • Pipeline right-of-way maintained by owners

3 Pipelines (2 of 2) A pipeline warning sign provides information about the pipe’s contents, the owner’s name, and contact information.

3 Department of Transportation (DOT) Marking System (1 of 2) • Required, depending on substance being transported and quantity: – Placards (10 ¾″ diamond-shaped) – Labels (4″ diamond-shaped) – Markings

3 Department of Transportation (DOT) Marking System (2 of 2) The DOT uses labels, placards, and markings (such as these found in the ERG) to give responders a general idea of the hazard inside a particular container or cargo tank.

3 NFPA 704 Marking System (1 of 2) • • • Diamond-shaped (any size) Blue diamond = health hazard Red diamond = flammability Yellow diamond = reactivity White diamond = special information

3 NFPA 704 Marking System (2 of 2) The NFPA 704 hazard identification system is designed for fixedfacility use. Each color used in the diamond represents a particular property or characteristic.

3 Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) (1 of 2) • Helps employers comply with OSHA Hazard Communication Standard • Voluntary labeling system • Meant for employees at a facility – Gives necessary information to work safely around chemicals

3 Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) (2 of 2) The HMIS uses a numerical hazard rating, colored horizontal columns, letters, and icons to describe the hazards posed by a particular substance and provide guidance about choosing PPE.

3 Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (1 of 3) • Marking system of U. S. military • Division 1: Mass detonation hazards • Division 2: Explosion-with-fragment hazards • Division 3: Mass fire hazards • Division 4: Moderate fire hazards

3 Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (2 of 3) A. B. C. D. A. Mass detonation hazards. B. Explosion-with-fragment hazards. C. Mass fire hazards. D. Moderate fire hazards.

3 Military Hazardous Materials/WMD Markings (3 of 3) • Pictograms identify specific PPE. • Colors depict chemical hazards. – Red: Toxic agents – Yellow: Harassing agents – White: White phosphorous

3 Chemical References • Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) • Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials

3 Emergency Response Guidebook (1 of 3) • Information on about 4000 chemicals • Not for long-term action plans • Inappropriate after first 15 minutes

3 Emergency Response Guidebook (2 of 3) • Organized into four colored sections – Yellow: Chemicals listed by UN/ID number – Blue: Chemicals listed alphabetically by name – Orange: Hazard class, fire/explosion hazards, health hazards, basic emergency actions – Green: Initial isolation distances

3 Emergency Response Guidebook (3 of 3) The orange section of the ERG.

3 Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials (1 of 2) • Information on about 13, 000 chemicals • First responders are primary audience

3 Fire Fighter’s Handbook of Hazardous Materials (2 of 2)

3 Other Reference Sources (1 of 6) • Material safety data sheets (MSDS) – Chemical makeup, potential hazards, first aid in the event of exposure • Shipping papers – Names, addresses of shipper and recipient – Quantity of chemical, weight of shipment

3 Other Reference Sources (2 of 6) A bill of lading or freight bill: Shipping papers for road and highway transportation, located in the cab of the vehicle.

3 Other Reference Sources (3 of 6) A waybill (pictured): Shipping papers for railroad transportation. A consist is a list of the contents of every car on the train.

3 Other Reference Sources (4 of 6) A dangerous cargo manifest: Shipping papers on a marine vessel, kept in the custody of the captain or master.

3 Other Reference Sources (5 of 6) An air bill: Shipping paper for air transport, kept in the cockpit.

3 Other Reference Sources (6 of 6) • CHEMTREC (Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) • CANUTEC (Canadian Transport Emergency Centre) • SETIQ (Emergency Transportation System for the Chemical Industry, Mexico)

3 National Response Center (NRC) • Notify the NRC of significant hazardous materials incidents. • Operated by the U. S. Coast Guard • NRC alerts the appropriate state/federal agencies. • 1 -800 -424 -8802

3 Potential Terrorist Incidents (1 of 2) • Responders should be familiar with the locations of potential targets in their area. – Infrastructure targets – Symbolic targets – Civilian targets

3 Potential Terrorist Incidents (2 of 2) • • • Chemical agents Biological agents Radiological agents Illicit laboratories Explosives Secondary devices

3 Chemical and Biological Agents • Chemical agent clues may include – Rubber gloves, glass containers, residual chemicals, odor, dead insects or foliage • Biological agent clues may include – Lab equipment, reference manuals • Personnel may show signs of exposure.

3 Radiological Agents (1 of 3) • Clues may include – Stainless steel containers, detonators, radiological protective suits, Geiger counters • Personnel may exhibit exposure symptoms such as burns or difficulty breathing.

3 Radiological Agents (2 of 3) A. B. C. Radioactive shipment labels. A. White I label. B. Yellow II label. C. Yellow III label.

3 Radiological Agents (3 of 3) A. B. C. Radioactive packaging. A. Type A package. B. Type B package. C. Type C package.

3 Illicit Laboratories • Clues may include – Terrorist training manuals, basement location with multiple vents, obscured windows • Drug laboratories are most common. – Use everyday items such as jars, bottles, glass cookware, tubing

3 Explosives • Clues may include – Protective equipment, production and containment materials, explosive materials, reference materials

3 Secondary Devices • Explosive or incendiary devices designed to harm responders at incident scene – As responders treat victims of the initial attack • Clues may include – Timers, wires, switches, concealment containers, backpacks, propane tanks

3 Summary (1 of 2) • Interpret visual clues to mitigate incident • Recognize container profiles and materials that may be stored inside each type. • Name, understand, locate shipping papers • Be familiar with all types of chemical transport vehicles.

3 Summary (2 of 2) • Understand DOT, NFPA, HMIS, and military marking systems. • Demonstrate proficiency using the ERG. • Know how to get MSDS documentation. • Become familiar with potential terrorist targets, specific hazards, and indicators.