Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500 1800

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500 -1800 Section 1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism pg. 589 - 595 Introduction to Absolutism

Spain’s Powerful Empire � Philip II comes to power in Spain � Inherits Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies � Seized the Portuguese Kingdom in 1580 ○ Included lands in Africa and India � Became very wealthy � Philip was also a defender of Catholicism � Battled the Ottoman Empire (Muslims) � 1588 launched the Spanish Armada against Protestantism

Problems Weaken the Spanish Empire � Severe inflation due to: � Population growth – as more people demanded food, the merchants raised the prices � Value of silver dropped because there was so much in circulation Spanish nobles did not pay taxes and lower class never developed into middle class � Spanish goods were expensive so Spanish people bought from France and England �

Absolutism in Europe � Many European rulers wanted to be absolute monarchs, kings or queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries � Goal was to control every aspect of society � Absolute monarchs believed in divine right, the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth

Europe’s Monarchs Gain Power � Centralized authority became possible because… �Decline of feudalism, rise of cities, and growth of national kingdoms helped to centralize power �The middle class supported the monarchs �Church authority broke down

Classwork/Homework Analyzing Key Concepts pg. 594 Skillbuilder #1 and 2 Section 1 Assessment pg. 595 #1 -8

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500 -1800 Section 2 The Reign of Louis XIV pg. 596 -602

French Religious Wars � 1562 -1598 Huguenots (French Protestants) and Catholics fought 8 religious wars � 1572 Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Henry of Navarre, or Henry IV, took the French throne in 1589 �Huguenot – many Catholics opposed Henry �Converted to Catholicism

The Edict of Nantes � Henry IV composed a declaration of religious tolerance, The Edict of Nantes �Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship � Henry was devoted to rebuilding France and restoring the strength of the French monarchy.

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu � Henry’s son, Louis XIII, was a weak ruler �Appointed a strong minister � Cardinal Richelieu, in effect, became the ruler of France �Moved against the Huguenots �Wanted to weaken the power of the nobles ○ Increased power of the middle class

European Monarchs Clash � Effects of the Peace of Augsburg (said each German ruler would choose the religion of his state) �Catholics and Lutherans were suspicious of each other �Lutherans united in the Protestant union �Catholic princes formed the Catholic League

Louis XIV Comes to Power � Louis XIV was the most powerful ruler in French history �Began his reign at age 4 �Cardinal Mazarin was Richelieu’s successor ○ Increased taxes ○ Strengthened central government

Louis XIV Comes to Power � At age 22 Louis XIV took control of the government �Weakened power of the nobles �Increased the power of government agents called intendants, who collect taxes and administered justice �Made sure local officials communicated with him regularly

Louis XIV Comes to Power � Louis devoted himself to helping France attain economic, political and cultural stability �Jean Baptiste Colbert believed in mercantilism and tried to make France self-sufficient �Gave governments funds and tax benefits to French companies ○ Placed high tariffs on goods from other countries ○ Encouraged people to migrate to French colony in Canada

The Sun King’s Grand Style � � Louis spent a fortune on luxury Built the Palace at Versailles � 11 miles southwest of Paris �Increased royal authority by having nobles live at the palace The Palace at Versailles

Classwork/Homework History in Depth pg. 600 Skillbuilder #1 and 2

Louis XIV Fights Disastrous Wars Under Louis, France was the most powerful country in Europe � Invaded Spanish Netherlands in order to expand France’s boundaries � Planned to connect Spain and France by making his grandson King of Spain � 1701 – several European countries allied to prevent the union of Spain and France �Started the War of the Spanish Succession which prevented Spain and France from uniting �

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500 -1800 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash pg. 603 - 607

The Thirty Years’ War �Conflict over religion, territory and power among European ruling families � Effects of the Thirty Years’ War �Damage to Germany ○ 4 million people died/fled ○ Economy crumbled ○ Trade and agriculture suffered

The Thirty Years’ War � Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war �Weakened the ruling Hapsburg family in Spain and Austria �France gained German territory �German princes became independent of the Holy Roman Emperor �Ended religious wars in Europe �New method of peace negotiations � Most important result of the Thirty Years’ War �Europe became a group of independent states �Beginning of modern state system

Central Europe Differs from Western Europe � Major central European powers: �Poland, Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire � Towns developed much earlier in Western Europe �Central Europe still had rich landowners and poor serfs Nobles prevented strong kings from rising up in central Europe � Old, weak, defeated empires in central Europe �

Austrian Hapsburgs � Hapsburg family became absolute monarchs in Austria ○ Centralized government and created a standing army ○ Captured Hungary from the Ottomans � Important Hapsburg ruler was Maria Theresa

Prussia � Prussia was a new state to the north of Austria � Prussian ruling family was the Hohenzollerns �Frederick William (aka the Great Elector) established a strong army and an absolute monarchy �Prussia became a rigidly controlled, military society � Frederick William’s son, Frederick the Great became king and adopted his father’s military policies

War of Austrian Succession � Frederick the Great wanted control of the Austrian land of Silesia which bordered Prussia �Believed Maria Theresa would not be forceful enough to defend her land � Sent an army to Silesia, beginning the War of Austrian Succession Great Britain allied with Austria � France allied with Prussia � Maria Theresa held off the Prussian attack but lost Silesia at the Treaty of Aix-la. Chapelle in 1748 �

The Seven Years’ War Maria Theresa and Austria no longer feared France and allied with them � Frederick and Prussia allied with Great Britain � Russia allied with Austria and France � Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally � � Major European war resulted � Seven Years’ War (1756 -1763) � Effects of the Seven Year’s War • Prussian/Great Britain victory • France lost colonies in North America • Great Britain gained sole economic domination of India

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500 -1800 Section 4 Absolute Rulers of Russia pg. 608 – 611

Russian Czars Increase Power � Ivan III strengthened Russia: �Conquered territory �Began centralized Russian government

The First Czar � Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible took the Russian throne in 1533 �Boyars, Russia’s landowning nobles fought to control Ivan �Ivan IV crowned himself czar, a title meaning “caesar” � In 1560 Ivan’s wife died �He blamed the boyars and accused them of poisoning her � Ivan used secret police to execute many boyars �Thousands were killed

Rise of the Romanovs � After Ivan there was a period of turmoil in Russia called the Time of Troubles �The Romanov family was chosen to save Russia (ruled from 1613 -1917) � Romanovs restored order to Russia �Peter the Great was one of Russia’s greatest reformers

Russia and Western Europe � Russian society was still based on relationships between rich landowners and serfs � Boyars know little of western Europe �Renaissance did not spread to Russia �Geographic barriers isolated Russia �Religion separated Russia and western Europe ○ Russia was Eastern Orthodox Christian and view Catholic and Protestants as heretics

Peter Visits the West � In 1697 Peter embarked on the “Grand Embassy”, a long visit to Western Europe � Wanted to learn about European customs and industrial techniques � Wanted Russia to compete with Europe on both military and commercial terms � Westernization – using western Europe as a model for change in Russia � Peter increased his power as absolute ruler in order to force change upon his state � Brought the Russian Orthodox church under state control � Reduced the power of the landowners

Westernizing Russia � Peter hired European officers to modernize his army � Imposed heavy taxes to pay for the army � � � Introduced potatoes, which became a staple of the Russian diet Started Russia’s first newspaper Increased women’s rights Ordered nobles to give up traditional clothes for western fashions Stressed education

Westernizing Russia � Peter wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the West �Captured land from Sweden �Created capital city of St. Petersburg

What happened to the Romanovs? � Mystery of the Romanovs � Anastasia Your Task! Using what you know about Russia and the Romanov family, write a historical narrative on what YOU think happened to the Romanov family and Anastasia. BE CREATIVE! Typed essay. One page in length.

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500 -1800 Section 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy pg. 614 – 617

Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Queen Elizabeth I died and James Stuart (King of Scotland) became King of England in 1603 � James struggled for power with Parliament � �James believed he had absolute authority �Parliament had financial power and refused to give James money

Parliament Limits the English Monarchy � James’ son, Charles I also struggled with Parliament over money � Parliament made Charles sign the Petition of Rights � He would not imprison subjects without due cause. � He would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent. � He would not house soldiers in private homes. � He would not impose martial law in peacetime. � This petition set forth the idea that the law was higher than the king and contradicted absolute monarchy

English Civil War � Charles tried to force both England Scotland to follow the same religion �The Scots rebelled and threatened to invade England �Charles had to go through parliament to fund the war � Parliament passed two laws limiting royal power �Charles tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament but gained many enemies

English Civil War � From 1642 -1649 supporters and opponents of King Charles fought the English Civil War � People who remained loyal to Charles were called Royalists or Cavaliers � Supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads or Puritans � Oliver Cromwell became general of the Puritan army � Cromwell’s New Model army defeated the Cavaliers � Publically executed Charles I ○ First time in history where a monarch was executed in public � Also attacked Ireland ○ Fighting, plague, and famine killed over 600, 000 Irish � Cromwell ruled England enacted many strict Puritan rules until his death

Restoration � After Cromwell’s death, the oldest son of Charles claimed the throne, Charles II � Because he restored the English monarchy, the period of his rule is called the Restoration � Charles II also restored all things banned by the Puritans: theater, sports, and dancing � Under Charles II Parliament passed habeas corpus which gave every prisoner the right to obtain a document that put the prisoner before a judge � The Habeas Corpus Act prevented a monarch from putting someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler

The Glorious Revolution � Charles II died and James II became king � James flaunted his Catholicism � English Protestants feared a line of Catholic kings � Parliament invited James’ eldest daughter, Mary, who was Protestant, and her husband William of Orange to overthrow James � William invaded and James fled to France � This bloodless overthrow of King James II is called The Glorious Revolution

Political Changes � William and Mary were crowned King and Queen of England � They recognized Parliament as their partner in governing England became a constitutional monarchy, where laws limited the ruler’s power � Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights in 1689 that listed things a ruler could not do: � � No suspending of Parliament’s laws � No levying taxes without a specific grant from Parliament � No interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament � No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

Political Changes � After 1688 no British monarch could rule without consent of Parliament �The cabinet, a group of government ministers, acted in the rulers name but represented Parliament �The cabinet became the center of power and policy making �Head of the cabinet is the Prime Minister