CH 5 ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE 1500 1800

CH. 5 ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE 1500 -1800

5. 1 SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM

SPANISH EMPIRE • Philip II’s Empire • Shy, Serious & Deeply Religious • Extremely rich from American Colonies • 1550 - 1650 • 339, 000 lbs of gold • 16 ton of silver • Able to support a large standing army - 50, 000

CATHOLICISM • Philip believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism against Muslims & Protestants • Defeated Ottoman Empire Fleet • Tried to Punish Protestant England - Lost the battle

LITERATURE & ARTS • Painters • El Greco • Velazquez • Literature • Don Quixote

SPANISH WEAKEN • Inflation & Taxes • Decline value of money + rise of prices of goods • Nobles did not have to pay taxes • Left to lower class • Was not left enough money to start small businesses

ENEMIES • Spain made their enemies rich • Spanish cloth methods were old • Bought what they needed from France & Britain • King borrowed so much money had to declare bankruptcy 3 times

DUTCH REVOLT • • Philip raised taxes on Netherlands Tried to crush Protestantism Spain Executes Protestants - 1, 500 in one day Netherlands held rebellions

DUTCHPROSPER • Able to concentrate on economic growth • Large trading empire • Almost 4, 800 ships

ABSOLUTISM • Theory - Kings or queens who held all the power within their states boundaries • Believed in Devine Right • Idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative

5. 2 REIGN OF LOUIS XIV

HENRY OF NAVARRE • Gave of Protestantism for Catholicism to appease his people • Edict of Nantes • Declaration of Religious toleration • Henry became devoted to rebuilding prosperity • 1610 religious fanatic stabs Henry to death

LOUIS XIII • Son of Henry takes over • Weak Ruler but appoints Strong Minister • Cardinal Richelieu • Moved against Huguenots • Weakened Nobles power

LOUIS XIV • Riots of nobles threaten his life • Became determined to become strong • Nobles • Excluded them from councils • Prosperity • Minister of Finance (Jean Baptiste Colbert) helped with Theory of Mercantilism

GRAND STYLE • over 500 cooks • 100 “Favored” nobles waited to dress him • Extremely expensive King

5. 3 PG. 169 CENTRAL EUROPEAN MONARCHS CLASH

THIRTY YEAR’S WAR • Lutheran & Catholic princes tried to gain followers • Both felt threatened by Calvinism • Lutherans & protestants formed union • Catholics form league

SPARK • Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II • Bohemian Protestants did not trust him • Ferdinand closed several Protestants • Protestants revolt • Ferdinand sent in the army • German Princes joined Protestants to crush the Catholic emperor

THIRTY YEARS WAR • First 12 years Ferdinand is winning • paid 125, 000 man army by plundering • French did not want Hapsburgs to be powerful • Even though catholic - joined Swedish & Germans

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA • Germany destroyed by the war • population 20 million - 16 million • Long difficult recovery

TREATY • Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain & Austria • Strengthened France by awarding it German territory • Made German princes independent of Holy Roman emperor • Ended religious wars in Europe • Introduced new peace negotiations

CONTRASTS -CENTRAL VS. WEST • Western Europe • serfs slowly gain freedom & move to towns • Central Europe • passes laws to restrict serfs to lands • blocked development of strong kings

PRUSSIA VS. AUSTRIA • Austria • Conquered Bohemia • created a standing army • Took Hungary from Ottoman Empire • Left to rule by Maria Theresa • Prussia • Hohenzollerns gain lands • Created strong army • 80, 000 strong (best in Europe) • created permanent taxation • Prussia became a strongly controlled militarized society

FREDERICK THE GREAT • • Rough childhood Followed fathers military policies when he took power Encouraged religious tolerance & legal reform Said ruler should be a father to his people

WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION • Maria Theresa took power • Frederick wanted land of Silesia • Thought because Maria was a woman she was weak • Started the war • Maria went to Hungarians for help + Britain • Fredrick had France • Prussia won Silesia

SEVEN YEARS WAR • Maria decided French were not the enemy - made a treaty with them • Fredrick made a treaty with Britain • Now Austria, France, Russia • Britain & Prussia

7 YEARS WAR CONT. • Prussia attacks Saxony • Soon every European power was at war • France would loose colonies in America • Britain gains all of India

5. 4 PG. 174 ABSOLUTE RULERS OF RUSSIA

FIRST CZAR • Ivan the Terrible • Ruled when only 3 • Age 16 seized power - Crowned self Czar • Good Period • Added lands to Russia • Code of Laws • Ruled Justly

FIRST CZAR CONT. • bad period • Ivans Wife dies - accuses boyars • Organized a police force • Hunt down & murder traitors • Killed thousands of people • Ivan kills oldest son

RISE OF ROMANOVS • 2 nd son of Ivan - incapable of ruling • Died without a heir • Boyars fought until reps chose the next Czar • Grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible's wife

PETER THE GREAT • Known for being a great reformer • Russia known for boyars & serfs • Russians know little of western Europe • Religiously closed off • Peter visited Western Europe • wanted to learn customs & manufacturing techniques

PETER RULES ABSOLUTELY • Goal of westernization • military & commercial terms • make Russia stronger • Increased powers to absolute to force change • Changed churches power • reduced power of landowners • Hired European officers • Military became a lifetime job • Imposed taxes

WESTERNIZING RUSSIA • Introduced potatoes • Started first newspaper • raised women’s status - allowed them to attend social events • Ordered nobles to give up clothes for western fashion • Opened school of navigation & introduced arts & science

ST. PETERSBURG • Wanted a seaport to travel to west • Fought Sweden to gain baltic coast • Founded city in a swamp • 25, 000 -100, 000 people died from poor work conditions • Ordered nobles to move to city once finished

St. Petersburg

5. 5 PG. 180 PARLIAMENT LIMITS THE ENGLISH MONARCHY

MONARCH DEFY PARLIAMENT • King James • Inherits Elizabeths problems • Money became issue • Offended puritans • Charles I • Takes throne after fathers death • Needed money for constant war • parliament refused - Dissolved it

PETITION OF RIGHT • Parliament forces King Charles I to signed it • 4 points: • Would not imprison subjects without due cause • Would not levy taxed without parliament consent • Would not house soldiers in private homes • He would not impose martial law in peacetime • Agreed to petition - then ignores it

PETITION OF RIGHT CONT. • Set forth idea that laws were higher than king • Charles I dissolved parliament again & refuses to call it back in • imposed fees & fines on English people

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR • Parliament passes law to limit royal power • Charles tries to have leaders arrested • People in London riot • Charles heads north to raise army • 1642 -1649 English civil war • Royalist/Cavaliers - loyal to King Charles • Roundheads - Loyal to parliament

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR CONT. • Neither side could gain advantage • Oliver Cromwell help puritans • 1647 held king prisoner • 1649 hold king to trial & sentence him to death • King has never faced public trial before

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

CROMWELL’S RULE • 1649 Cromwell abolishes monarchy & House of Lords • Established Commonwealth • Republican form of government • Associate drafts constitution • Cromwell eventually becomes military dictator

PURITAN MORALITY • Sought to reform society • Promoted Puritan morality • abolished sporting events, theater, dancing

RESTORATION AND REVOLUTION • Cromwell rules till death - new parliament selected • Parliament asks oldest son of Charles I to rule • Called Restoration period • Parliament passes Habeas corpus - to have the body • law gave prisoners to right to obtain a document ordering the judge to decide prisoners fate • Also decided who comes after Charles II • James - Brother of Charles II • Whigs oppose James • Tories supported him

CHARLES II & JAMES II

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION • James II becomes king • offended subjects by displaying Catholicism • appointed several Catholics to high office • parliament protests - James dissolves it • James wife has son • Protestants fear line of Catholic kings • James has protestant daughter • Marries William of Orange

MARY & WILLIAM OF ORANGE

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION CONT. • Members of Parliament invite William & Mary to Rule • William leads army to London • James fled to France • Bloodless overthrow

LIMIT ON MONARCH’S POWER • William & Mary vow to recognize Parliament • England becomes Constitutional monarchy • Drafts Bill of Rights • No suspending Parliament’s Laws • No taxes without parliament permission • No interfering freedom of speech in parliament • No penalty for petitioning king about grievances