Absolute Monarchies in Europe Chapter 7 1500 1800

Absolute Monarchies in Europe Chapter 7 1500 -1800

Europe in Crisis: Wars of Religion Section 1

Religious Wars of Europe l By 1560, Calvinism (Protestant) and Catholicism had become militant (violent) ¡Trying to win converts & eliminate authority ¡Religious wars were the chief cause of crisis in the 16 th century l French Wars of Religion (1562 -1598) ¡Kings persecuted Protestants; in spite of persecution, Protestantism still spread ¡Political strife caused by religious wars

French Protestantism l Huguenots – French Protestants ¡ 7% of French population ¡ 40% of Nobility = powerful political threat to monarchy l Growing opposition to the monarchy will add to the power of the Protestants

Religious Wars l French Wars of Religion ¡ St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (Paris 1572) ¡ Many Nobles, who were Huguenots (French Protestants), were in Paris on that day ¡ Prince Henry of Navarre becomes king of France

Henry IV of Navarre l He is Protestant, but converts to Catholicism in order to be accepted as the ruler of France. l First Bourbon king (monarchial family) l Edict of Nantes: declaration of religious toleration between Huguenots & Catholics in France –to create peace in France l Rebuilt France’s prosperity, restored the French monarch to power l Assassinated in 1610, stabbed by a fanatic

Philip II l King Philip II of Spain ¡Militant Catholic l He believed Spain was a “nation of people chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics”

Philip weakens Spain l Spanish Netherlands – richest part of empire ¡ Philip tightened control over Protestant region (not a good idea) & Tried to stop Calvinism in the Netherlands ¡Strongly opposed by Nobles in the Netherlands l War between Spain & Netherlands ended with a truce after 12 years (unsuccessful by Philip & caused domestic problems)

Elizabeth Tudor l Ascended to throne in 1558 l Daughter of Henry VIII l “Act of Supremacy” l Head of moderate Protestant Church of England

Elizabeth Tudor & England l England became leader of Protestant nations of Europe & world empire l Tried to keep Spain & France from becoming too powerful ¡Francis Drake – pirate; raided Spanish ships l Philip II wanted to invade England – thought the Catholic population in England would rise against the queen…

Spanish Armada l 1588, Philip II prepared an armada, a fleet of warships l Spain did not have the ships or man power needed to defeat England ¡Hoped for a miracle from God ¡The English defended themselves against the Spanish Armada

Social Crises, War, and Revolution Section 2

Types of Government l Dictatorship/ Totalitarian: undivided rule or absolute power by a single person l Monarchy: undivided rule or absolute power by a single person or family ¡ Constitutional Monarchy: divided rule between a single person (or family) and a legislative body (Parliament) l Oligarchy: few people rule, a group or family l Democracy: People rule l Divine Right: monarch chosen by God to rule; monarchy only accountable to God (not people)

Thirty Years’ War l Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1618 (Catholic) ¡Holy Roman Empire (HRE) = German States ¡Ruled Czech kingdom of Bohemia (Protestant) -Bohemians did not trust Ferdinand II l Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches -> Bohemians rebelled = beginning of Thirty Years’ War l Conflict over religion & territory & power between European monarchs

Results of the Thirty Year’s War l Destructive – all major European countries (except England) involved l Peace of Westphalia ¡All German states could chose their own religion l. Recognized as individual states ¡European countries involved gained territory & power l. France became the most power because of this ¡No more Holy Roman Empire

Interactive Notes – Graphic Organizer Monarch James I Charles I James II Conflicts with Parliament

Monarchs Defy Parliament l Elizabeth I dies with no heir, her cousin, James Stuart of Scotland, becomes ruler of England, 1603 (James I) l James I, struggled with Parliament over money & with Puritan members over reforms of the English Church ¡James is CATHOLIC! ¡Parliament & majority of England is PROTESTANT l Charles I, 1625 ¡Like father like son…

Parliament’s Response to Charles I l Parliament refused to grant Charles I any money until he signed the Petition of Right: ¡He would not imprison subjects without due cause. ¡He would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent. ¡He would not house soldiers in private homes. ¡He would not impose martial law in peacetime. l Petition of Right became important in establishing the law was above the king in England.

Charles I’s Response to Parliament l He ignored petition l 1629, dissolved Parliament (adjourned it) and refused to call it back into session l He imposed fees and fines on the English people to get money l His popularity severely decreased year by year

English Civil War 1642 -1649 l Parliament passed laws to limit royal power ¡ Charles arrested leaders of Parliament ¡ Enraged mob of Londoners outside of palace ¡ Charles fled London & raised an army of those loyal to him (north of England) l Royalists/Cavaliers = supporters of Charles I l Oliver Cromwell = general of the New Model Army – military genius ¡Roundheads – Puritans, supporters of Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell Rules England l 1649, Cromwell & Puritans bring Charles I to trial for treason against Parliament, found guilty and sentenced to death = beheaded l Cromwell abolished the monarchy & House of Lords (symbols of upper class) l Established a commonwealth (republican form of government) l Cromwell became a military dictator, ripped up a draft of a constitution

Restoration l 1658, Cromwell dies, gov’t he established collapsed (no dictator to rule w/o him) l Parliament voted to ask Charles II, Charles I eldest son to rule England = Restoration ¡Guarantees of freedom, habeas corpus: “to have the body” right to be brought before a judge & told of formal charges against you l. Protected citizens against monarchs putting opposition in jail for the sake of it ¡Parliament debated who should succeed Charles II?

Revolution l 1685, Charles II dies, James II becomes king ¡Appoints Catholics to high office, against the law ¡Parliament protests appointments, James II dissolves Parliament ¡James II has a son, English terrified of the future of being ruled by Catholics l Parliament invited William & Mary (James II’s older daughter) to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism

Glorious Revolution l William led his army into London James II fled to France without putting up a fight… therefore, a BLOODLESS revolution = GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

Limits on Monarch’s Power l William & Mary recognized Parliament as their PARTNER in governing = switch from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy l English Bill of Rights: clarified the limits of royal power. A ruler could not: ¡Suspend Parliament’s laws ¡Levy taxes without a grant from Parliament ¡Interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament ¡Penalty for a citizen who petitions king about grievances.

Response to Crises: Absolutism Section 3

Power Struggles l Louis XIII (Henry IV’s son) becomes king in 1610 - he is 9 y. o. l Needs advisor because he is young & weak, chooses Cardinal Richelieu ¡ Becomes the most hated Frenchmen, but most successful

Louis XIV comes to power l Sun King, he thought that all power radiated from him. l Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu’s hand-picked successor, but not the true ruler of France l Anti-Mazarin riots by nobles ¡Failed because: l 1. nobles distrusted one another l 2. Gov’t used violent repression l 3. Peasants & people of France accepted the absolute power of the king.

King Louis XIV l 1661 (22 y. o. ) becomes the absolute ruler of France l Jean Baptiste Colbert, finance minister ¡ Mercantilism ¡ Self-sufficiency = high tariffs ¡ Gave gov’t funds & tax benefits to manufacturers

Palace of Versailles

Uniting Spain & France l Charles II, Spanish king dies with no heir. ¡Makes a deal with Louis XIV to give throne to his nephew Philip (a French Bourbon) ¡The deal would unite France & Spain under one family- the Bourbons. l Great Britain, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal, several German & Italian states joined together to stop this union of France & Spain

War of Spanish Succession l 1701 -1714 l Struggle stop union of France & Spain under the Bourbons l Treaty of Utrecht ¡ Philip allowed to rule Spain, but cannot unite France & Spain

Legacy of Louis XIV l Died in 1715 l French were relieved of his death because he had put the country into so much debt l Positive Legacy: France was a country to be reckoned with

Origins of Absolutism in Europe l Absolute Monarchs: kings or queens who held all the power within their nation’s boundaries--control all aspects of society. ¡Divine Right: idea that God created the monarchy and the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth l. An idea that absolute monarchs STRONGLY believed l. Absolute monarchs only answered to God, not his or her subjects (the people)

Causes of Absolutism l Religious & Territorial conflicts led to continuous warfare during the 17 th century = chaos & upheaval in Europe ¡Rulers regulated everything from religious worship to social gatherings. ¡Goal of rulers = free themselves from limitations imposed by the nobility and Parliament

First Czar l Ivan IV, called “Ivan the Terrible” – 3 years old when he came to power in 1533 ¡First Russian to use the name “czar” relating to “caesar” ¡Killed his son (heir to the throne), leaving his weaker son who was incapable of ruling = disaster for Russians argument over czar l Romanov dynasty comes to power after Russian nobles choose them to rule ¡Ruled for 300 years, until the Russian Revolution.

Peter the Great l Czar Peter I known as Peter the Great because he became Russian’s greatest reformers & increased the czar’s power l “Grand Embassy” – Peter’s tour of Western Europe to learn about culture, customs, & manufacturing techniques l Ultimately “westernized” Russia, brought them in competition with Western Europe & made Russia part of Europe.

Peter’s Reforms l Russian Orthodox Church brought under state control, controlled by Holy Synod l Reduced power of landowners by recruiting men from lower-ranking families & promoted them to positions of power & gave land l Military were given European weapons & drill tactics, soldier became lifetime job

Westernization of Russia l Introduced potatoes, which became a staple in the Russian diet l Started Russia’s first newspaper l Raised women’s status by having them attend social gatherings l Ordered nobles to give up traditional clothes for Western fashions l Advanced education by opening a school of navigation & schools of arts & sciences

Key to Russia’s Success l EDUCATION! Encouraged Russians to study science, arts, culture abroad. l “Window on Europe” – Baltic coast seaport ¡St. Petersburg ¡Symbol of Peter the Great’s attempts to westernize Russia