Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500 1800 CHAPTER 21

Absolute Monarchs in Europe, 1500– 1800 CHAPTER 21 Chapter Overview Time Line MAP GRAPH SECTION 1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism SECTION 2 France’s Ultimate Monarch SECTION 3 Central European Monarchs Clash SECTION 4 Russian Czars Increase Power SECTION 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Visual Summary QUIT

CHAPTER 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe, 1500– 1800 Chapter Overview From 1500 to 1800, absolute monarchs rule in Europe. In countries such as Spain and France, rulers wield great power and build major monuments to their rule. In countries such as England the Netherlands, constitutional law limits royal power. HOME

CHAPTER 21 HOME Absolute Monarchs in Europe, 1500– 1800 Time Line 1533 Ivan the Terrible begins to rule Russia. 1643 Louis XIV begins to rule France. 1697 Peter the Great begins European tour. He later built St. Petersburg to rival European capitals. 1500 1800 1579 Netherlands declares independence from Spain. 1649 Puritans under Oliver Cromwell execute English King. 1756 Frederick the Great begins Seven Years’ War.

1 HOME Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism MAP Key Idea In the 1500 s, Philip II of Spain becomes the strongest ruler in Europe, helping establish absolute monarchy. But in time Spain weakens, and the Netherlands breaks away from Spanish rule. Overview Assessment

1 HOME Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • Philip II • absolute monarch MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW During a time of religious and economic instability, Philip II ruled Spain with a strong hand. When faced with crises, many heads of government take on additional economic or political powers. Assessment • divine right

1 HOME Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism MAP Section 1 Assessment 1. List the conditions that allowed European monarchs to gain power. Then list the ways they exercised their increased power. Rise of cities Growth of national kingdoms Wealth of colonies Breakdown of Church authority Growth of middle class Decline of feudalism Revolts Economic and religious crises Absolute Monarch Reduced power of nobles and representative bodies Created new government bureaucracies Regulated worship, social gatherings, and economy Increased size of court continued. . .

1 HOME Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism MAP Section 1 Assessment 2. What does the art described in this section reveal about the cultures of Spain and the Netherlands? THINK ABOUT • what the art of Velázquez and El Greco reveals about Spain • what the art of Rembrandt and Vermeer reveals about the Netherlands ANSWER Possible Responses: • Velázquez showed pride of Spanish monarchs. • El Greco showed Catholic faith in Spain. • Rembrandt and Vermeer showed the importance of merchants, civic leaders, and the middle class in the Netherlands. End of Section 1

2 HOME France’s Ultimate Monarch Key Idea Religious wars plague France in the 1500 s. With the rise of Louis XIV, France becomes Europe’s most powerful nation. Louis’s rule extends French power and prestige, but he leads the country into crippling wars. Overview Assessment

2 HOME France’s Ultimate Monarch TERMS & NAMES Overview • Edict of Nantes • Cardinal Richelieu MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • skepticism After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful monarch of his time. Louis used his power to build a great palace and sponsor art that is part of France’s cultural legacy. • Louis XIV • intendant • Jean Baptiste Colbert • War of the Spanish Succession Assessment

2 HOME France’s Ultimate Monarch Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major events of Louis XIV’s reign. 1643 1648 -1653 1661 Louis becomes king. Riots disrupt France. Louis starts rule. 1667 1672 Louis invades the Dutch Spanish Netherlands. 1685 1701 -1713 1715 Louis voids Edict of Nantes. Louis fights War of Spanish Succession. Louis dies. continued. . .

2 HOME France’s Ultimate Monarch Section 2 Assessment 2. Many historians think of Louis XIV as the perfect example of an absolute monarch. Do you agree? Explain why or why not. THINK ABOUT • the description of an absolute monarch at the end of Section 1 • the ways in which Louis XIV fits that description • any ways in which Louis XIV does not fit the description ANSWER Possible Response: Yes—regulated worship by voiding Edict of Nantes, weakened nobility by using intendants and making nobles live at court, built palace to show power, used mercantilist policies to control economy continued. . .

2 HOME France’s Ultimate Monarch Section 2 Assessment 3. How did the policies of Colbert and Louis XIV affect the French economy? Explain both positive and negative effects. THINK ABOUT • Colbert’s attempts to make France self-sufficient • what happened when Louis cancelled the Edict of Nantes • the cost of Versailles and wars ANSWER Possible Responses: Colbert’s mercantilism helped economy by building up and protecting French industries. Louis XIV helped economy by using Colbert’s policies but hurt it by voiding Edict of Nantes, which drove out Huguenots, and by taxing and spending to fund building and wars. End of Section 2

3 HOME Central European Monarchs Clash Key Idea Central Europe also becomes the scene of devastating wars. The most destructive conflict, the Thirty Years’ War, severely weakens the Holy Roman Empire. Afterward, Austria and Prussia struggle for power. Overview Assessment

3 Central European Monarchs Clash HOME TERMS & NAMES Overview • Thirty Years’ War • Maria Theresa MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • Frederick the Great After a period of turmoil, absolute monarchs ruled Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia built a strong military tradition in Germany that contributed in part to world wars in the 20 th century. • Seven Years’ War Assessment

3 HOME Central European Monarchs Clash Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great. Points of Comparison Maria Theresa Frederick the Great Years of reign 1740 -1780 1740 -1786 Foreign policy Allied with former enemy France Allied with Austria’s former ally Britain Success in war Lost Silesia in War of Austrian Succession and did not regain it in Seven Years’ War Gained Silesia in War of Austrian Succession and neither gained nor lost in Seven Years’ War Steps to become absolute monarchs Imposed limits on nobility Followed his father’s military policies continued. . .

3 HOME Central European Monarchs Clash Section 3 Assessment 2. Name several ways that the Peace of Westphalia laid the foundations of modern Europe. THINK ABOUT • religious effects • diplomatic effects • political effects ANSWER Possible Responses: • ended religious wars, allowing Europe to split into Catholic and Protestant areas • weakened Holy Roman Empire • recognized Europe as collection of independent states • began modern way of negotiating End of Section 3

4 HOME Russian Czars Increase Power GRAPH Key Idea Russian rulers begin to dominate the nobility in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. Under Peter the Great, Russia opens up to the West and becomes a key European power. Overview Assessment

4 HOME Russian Czars Increase Power GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Ivan the Terrible • boyars MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • Peter the Great made many changes in Russia to try to make it more like western Europe. Many Russians today debate whether to model themselves on the West or to focus on traditional Russian culture. • westernization Assessment

4 HOME Russian Czars Increase Power GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the important events of Peter the Great’s reign. Visited western Europe Took control of church Peter the Great Reduced power of landowners Modernized army Had St. Petersburg built Fought Sweden for Baltic land Tried to westernize Russia continued. . .

4 HOME Russian Czars Increase Power GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 2. Do you think Ivan the Terrible or Peter the Great was more of an absolute monarch? Explain the standards by which you made your decision. THINK ABOUT • ways that each increased the power of the Russian czar • long term effects of each one’s rule ANSWER Possible Responses: Ivan—Took title czar, which means “caesar”; expanded Russia; gave law code; organized his own police force; persecuted boyars; created new class of nobles. Aimed to increase and protect his own power more than to improve Russia. Peter—Took control of church; reduced power of landowners; strengthened army; imposed heavy taxes; forced nobles to move to St. Petersburg. Made reforms whether people continued. . . wanted them or not.

4 HOME Russian Czars Increase Power GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 3. Which of Peter the Great’s actions reveal that he saw himself as the highest authority in Russia? Explain. THINK ABOUT • steps he took to reduce the authority of others • actions that overturned traditional sources of authority in Russia ANSWER Possible Responses: • showed he saw himself above church by taking control of it • showed he saw himself above nobility by weakening it and forcing it to westernize • showed he saw himself above tradition by forcing Western customs on Russia End of Section 4

5 HOME Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Key Idea English kings battle Parliament for power in the 1600 s, leading to civil war. Parliament wins, and a Puritan government is formed. The monarchy is later restored, but its power is limited by law. Overview Assessment

5 HOME Parliament Limits the English Monarchy TERMS & NAMES Overview • Charles I • English Civil War MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • Oliver Cromwell Absolute rulers in England were overthrown, and Parliament gained power. Many of the government reforms of this period contributed to the democratic tradition of the United States. • Restoration • habeas corpus • Glorious Revolution • constitutional monarchy • cabinet Assessment

5 HOME Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Section 5 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes of each monarch’s conflict with Parliament. Monarch Conflicts with Parliament James I • Believed in divine right to rule • Wanted large funds to pay for court and wars • Did not make Puritan reforms Charles I • Wanted funds to finance wars • Tried to force all subjects to be Anglican • Resisted Parliament’s attempts to restrict his power James II • Flaunted his faith • Named Catholics to high office continued. . .

5 HOME Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Section 5 Assessment 2. In your opinion, which decisions of Charles I made his conflict with Parliament worse? Explain. THINK ABOUT • decisions that lost him the support of Parliament • decisions that lost him the support of his people ANSWER Possible Responses: • He alienated Parliament by dissolving it, ignoring Petition of Right, and trying to arrest Parliamentary leaders. • He alienated his subjects by imposing fines and fees on them and trying to force them all to be Anglican. End of Section 5