The Columbian Exchange v Squash v Avocado v

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpo v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria v Diptheria v Whooping Cough x

Impact of Columbian Exchange “The Encounter” • Most native populations reduced to slave labor and many died due to smallpox and other European diseases • New foods led to massive population increase in Europe; healthier diets lead to longer life expectancy and higher birth rates • Decline of the Native population led to an increase in the African Slave Trade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The “Middle Passage” Used to describe the slave route across the Atlantic

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

Emergence of Mercantilism and Capitalism -Growth in world trade as a result of the Colombian Exchange led to a new economic policy in Europe. -Mercantilism- a policy of European countries accumulating wealth and power by gaining gold and silver and selling more goods than you buy. -European countries accumulated so much gold and silver from the Americas it led to inflationrise in price of goods

Mercantilism

Mercantilism Question • List three ways the colony was supposed to provide for the “mother-country” based upon this cartoon. • TOD: Explain two effects of the Colombian exchange on the America’s Explain one effects this exchange had in Europe

Treasures from the Americas!

Age of Absolutism in Europe 1500 -1800 Chapter 21

Age of Absolutism • Complete control by a Monarch (King) over his kingdom. • King Louis XIV of France (greatest absolute monarch) • He once said, “Le’tat Ces Moi”= I am the state • Controlled the Nobility in France through spies and intimidation • Built a palace at Versailles to symbolize his wealth and power • Raised taxes on the people to build his extravagant projects

Divine Right • Absolute monarchs believed that they derived their power from God. • This idea was also used to keep their people obedient. • To go against the Monarch would be to go against God!

Palace of Versailles

Inside Versailles

Versailles • Louis XIV forced all French Nobles to stay at his palace for one week every year • This allowed Louis XIV to show off his power and helped keep the nobility under control.

Map of Europe 1800

Ivan the Terrible • Conquered lands all the way to Siberia • Unified modern Russia after driving out the Mongol’s • Created a code of laws in Russia • Called terrible because of the brutal penalties for not following his will • He was the first Czar (Tsar) of Russia

Peter The Great • Ruled Russia from 1689 until 1725: • Ruthlessly tried to “westernize Russia” • Called “the Great” --- made Russia “great” in Europe and Asia • Russia needed warm water ports • Studied in Western Europe (Paris) as young man • Expanded the Russian Empire’s territory • Established capital at St. Petersburg

• Peter forced the Russian nobility (Boyars) to cut their beards so they would look more “western”. • The nobility were forced to dress in Western clothes and speak french • Broke power of Boyars (landowners) in Russia • Both Louis XIV and Peter the great sought to limit the power of the nobility.

Peter the Great’s achievements • Ruled “absolutely” – believed his was God’s instrument as ruler • “Westernized” Russia • Changed dress for men and women; had to dress more like people in Western Europe • Modernized the economy and military • Paid British, Dutch, German, and French artisans and skilled workers to teach the Russians their skills • Captured warm-water ports from the Ottoman Empire on the Black Sea • Established Russia as a military and naval force

Comparison Exercise • Compare the methods of leadership used by Louis XIV and Peter the Great. • Discuss two similarities in the policies they enacted to strengthen their control over there subjects • Discuss one important difference? How were the goals of Peter different from Louis XIV

English Civil War • Causes: Conflict between Charles I and parliament leads to a civil war led by Oliver Cromwell • Charles I is be-headed. • Cromwell takes power but he abuses his power. • The English revolt against Cromwell and he is killed • Glorious Revolution of 1688 William and Mary take throne, sign English Bill of Rights. • No bloodshed during the Glorious Revolution

Impact of the Glorious Revolution • A Constitutional Monarchy is established in England to further limit the power of the King. • A Bill of Rights is created in England • England is the only country in Europe that does not have an Absolute Monarch

Activity • Read the English Bill of • Do you notice any Rights and create a list similarities to the Rights of 5 limits to the kings you have today? power • Create a list of five rights guaranteed to the English people

Constitutional Monarchy • A government ruled by a King or Queen but with a constitution to limit the power of the King. • The opposite of Absolute Monarchies England is the only European country with a constitutional monarchy. • The King of England will now share power with parliament ( a law making body elected by the people)

Political Organization in Europe • Absolute Monarchs centralized (consolidate) their power in regions throughout Europe. • Borders were more closely established • Monarch’s began to create large armies and navies to protect their power. • The modern nation had begun!

Absolute vs Constitutional Monarchies Writing Prompt: 1 paragraph • Evaluate the positives and negatives of Absolute and Constitutional monarchies. • Provide one positive and one negative aspect of each form of government • Which type of government would you prefer? Why? Discuss one reason why.