AGE OF ABSOLUTISM WHO ARE ABSOLUTE MONARCHS kingsqueens

AGE OF ABSOLUTISM

WHO ARE ABSOLUTE MONARCHS? � � kings/queens believe everything in their territory is their property Answer only to God, not his/her subjects

WHAT IS DIVINE RIGHT? DIVINE RIGHT: belief God created monarchy & they act as God’s representatives on earth VIDEO, King John Explains Divine Right (Robin Hood movie clip)

WHY DID ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES DEVELOP? � � � 1562 -1598 Huguenots & Catholics fought 8 religious wars Chaos in France leads to opening for strong leaders to take over Similar cases in other European countries

WHY DID ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES DEVELOP? � INCREASE OF MIDDLE CLASS, DECLINE OF FEUDALISM, RISE OF CITIES � 17 th Century period of huge upheaval in Europe monarchs impose order by increasing own power � Created new government bureaucracies to control economic life GOAL: be free from limitations set by nobility & Parliament; therefore rule absolutely

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR � Who: Hapsburgs of Austria and Spain vs. France, Sweden, and German states � What: When each religion in central Europe tried to gain followers led to war � When: 1618 – 1648 � Where: Mostly fought on German soil � Why: One last major war of religions in Europe; following it’s end, religion divided Europe and everyone had to be ok with it!

Thirty Years’ War Video � If you think you now have a solid understanding of what went down in the war, then watch this GREAT video! You need to have a pretty good idea of what it was all about in order to watch this. There are no words, just VERY inspirational music set to live acting. It’s awesome!!! Enjoy! � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Ydd. Ef. XXQVk �

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA Ends war in 1648, consequences: 1) Weakened Hapsburg sts. Of Spain & Austria 2) Strengthens France – gives it German territories 3) Made German princes independent of Holy Roman Emperor 4) Ended religious wars in Europe 5) Introduced new method of peace negotiation 6) Most important: abandoned idea of Catholic empire in Europe & recognized Europe as group of independent states now all equal to each other

Video Summary of Thirty Years’ War & Peace of Westphalia Funny Video

INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT IN SPAIN � DIEGO VELAZQUEZ—paintings showed pride of Spain’s monarchy; rich colors � DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA: 1605, called birth of modern European novel—by Miguel Cervantes � �about poor Spanish nobleman who goes crazy from reading too many books on heroic knights �set out to “right every manner of wrong” VIDEO of the story of Don Quixote (done in a kid version, but gives you the story…basically the dude went crazy!)

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

FRONT OF HAND WORKSHEET � � � Thumb: James I Pointer Finger: Charles I Middle Finger: Oliver Cromwell Ring Finger: Charles II Pinky Finger: James II/ William and Mary

BACKGROUND � 1215 - King John was trying to impose too many laws, so he was forced to sign the Magna Carta, agreeing to obey laws & consult with Parliament (legislature = make laws) Magna Carta Video � 1603 Queen Elizabeth dies, no heir James I becomes King (absolute monarch) � dissolves (gets rid of) Parliament � raises taxes, wages war, persecutes Puritans (those who want to purify the Anglican Church of Catholic influences) forces some to flee to America to avoid persecution! Woooo freedom!

CHARLES I � 1625 - inherits throne & rules without Parliament at first � 1628 - Charles realizes he needs $$ (again) from Parliament for wars he’s started with Spain & France Parl. forced to him to sign Petition of Right if he wanted $$ � monarch cannot raise taxes without Parliament’s consent � monarch cannot imprison people without just cause � 1629 - he dissolves Parliament again THEY’RE PISSED! They gave him the money and he RAN!

ENGLAND’S CIVIL WAR � 1641 - Scotland threatens to invade England & Charles needs $$ again…sooo he asks Parliament AGAIN for $$, even though he keeps dissolving them after he gets some � So Parliament tries to limit his power he’s angry and conflict erupts Civil War goes down � Royalist/Cavaliers are the supporters of King Charles (mostly nobles) � Roundheads – opposition army – leader is Oliver Cromwell (common people) THEY WIN!! WHAT? ! The regular guy wins? ? � 1649 - Roundheads bring Charles to trial for treason & execute him

THE REIGN OF OLIVER CROMWELL � Cromwell becomes military ruler of England (abolishes monarchy) passes strict laws against “sinful” acts (closes theatres, outlaws gambling /dancing, bans books, etc. )…he’s crazy. He even bans CHRISTMAS!! � crushes rebellion in Ireland & takes land for his own soldiers � religious toleration for everyone except Catholics (Ireland) � Oliver Cromwell and Charles II Video � 1658 - Cromwell dies (no one is sad about it) & new Parliament invites Charles II to rule as King “RESTORATION” (hey dude, sorry about beheading your dad, Charles I…but can you come back to the throne? The last guy we chose was super strict and totally sucked. We’re interested in partying again. ) � He was a huge party boy and restored everything fun! Hence the term, “Restoration”. He never married and no legitimate kids. �

HABEAS CORPUS � Definition: anyone accused of a crime would appear before a judge & either be released to given a trial by jury � 1685 - Charles II dies with no heir (he was too busy partying) James II becomes King (his brother)

JAMES II AND THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION � Uh oh He suspends laws, abuses power, appoints Catholics to government office � WHAT? ! Catholics? !? ! Nooooooo, this is a PROTESTANT country! James II, what are you doing? ! � Parliament invites Mary (daughter of James II) & William to take down James and rule England she was a protestant, so obviously the better choice James II agrees NO BLOODSHED = GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (it was glorious because no one died in a ridiculous war) �

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS In order for William and Mary to rule, parliament made them sign this � 1689 - BILL OF RIGHTS & CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY ARE FINALLY ESTABLISHED! � � limited monarchy shares power w/Parliament (more government, less royal/absolute power) � individual freedoms (including habeas corpus) guaranteed � House of Commons has “power of purse” (finances) Basically they’re splitting up the government into branches so that one branch doesn’t have too much power…like we have here in America

ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE, RUSSIA, AND PRUSSIA

BACK OF HAND WORKSHEET � Use this worksheet to come up with your own mnemonic device to remember Louis XIV, Peter the Great, and Frederick the Great

ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE: LOUIS XIV � Most powerful ruler in French history � Weakened the power of his nobles and excluded them from councils � Spent fortune on luxurious items (meals & residence) � CHATEAU (Palace) DE VERSAILLES weakens France � 500 yards long; big statue of himself in courtyard � Center of arts during reign (Opera and Ballet)

V I D E O A must watch!

Back of the Palace of Versailles…my backyard totally looks like this too. Fun fact: the palace is so big, everyone living in the town of Versailles at the time could comfortably live here.

Ceilings made of gold, the Hall of Mirrors, a bedroom, and LOOK AT THAT BACKYARD!!

LOUIS XIV’s BEDROOM…basically it’s all made of gold. The railing isn’t original of course, this is a current photo of it as a museum.

ISN’T THAT PLACE RIDICULOUS? !? ! A couple of those photos were taken by Mrs. Ewald when she went to visit the Palace of Versailles

LOUIS XIV’S LEGACY � 1700, Louis’s grandson, Philip of Anjou, was promised the throne of Spain after King Charles II’s death (no heir) � Soooo that meant the 2 greatest powers in Europe (France and Spain) would now both be ruled by the Bourbon Family! � Countries in Europe felt threatened by this (obviously) & joined together to fight France & Spain War of Spanish Succession. � � End of the war was kind of a tie. Basically they all agreed that as long as Philip and Louis didn’t unite their kingdoms into one megakingdom, then Philip could go ahead and rule Spain. They agreed. Louis dies 1715 --left a mixed legacy to his country because he was a great military leader and built France’s military to be the STRONGEST IN ITS HISTORY…but then again the dude was an absolute monarch and totally selfish.

ABSOLUTE RULERS IN GERMANY 1. Hapsburgs of Austria (Holy Roman Empire) King Charles VI Vs. 2. Hohenzollerns of Prussia – enemies of Hapsburgs King Fredrick William

FREDERICK WILLIAM II (THE GREAT) � � � Leader of Prussia & a Hohenzollern Followed father’s strict military rule, but softened laws Wanted Austrian lands bordering Prussia WON the war against Maria Theresa (she was pissed. She was trying to prove herself as a female leader and it wasn’t working out for her at first!) MARIA THERESA � � Ruler of Austria & a Hapsburg Lost war to Frederick Tried to save face SEVEN YEARS WAR, 1756 -1763 SHE WON But didn’t change territories in Europe, but Britain landed out on top France lost colonies in N. America & gained sole domination of India for a while

PETER I (THE GREAT), PART I � Believed Russia’s future depends on warm-water port then could compete w/western Europe � Went on GRAND EMBASSY with a goal of westernization: using Europe as model for change & make Russia stronger � Russian Orthodox Church under state control � Reduced power of landowners � Heavy taxes to pay for army of 200, 000

PETER I (THE GREAT), PART II � Introduced potatoes as new staple food � 1 st newspaper � Women’s status increased b/c have to attend social gatherings � Nobles give up traditional clothes for western fashions (meaning they’re dressing like Europeans) � Education is the key to progress…. . uhhh duh. � Russia becoming powerful by his death in 1725 Video