Cell Structure Function Cell Theory 1 All living
- Slides: 63
Cell Structure & Function
Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
What do all cells have in common? 1. Genetic information (DNA) 2. Cytoplasm – fluid-filled region between center and cell membrane
What do all cells have in common? 3. Cell membrane (plasma membrane) – surrounds cell ◦ Function: regulates what enters and leaves cell 4. Ribosomes – make proteins using instructions from DNA
How big is a cell? Animation – Cell Size
Surface Area to Volume Ratio • Why are cells so small? • Ratio of surface area to volume • Much greater for small cells • Space is important for cells to receive nutrients, oxygen, and to remove waste • Volume increases faster than surface area as cells grow • Greater volume= more metabolic reactions BUT more difficult to transport wastes and nutrients • The smaller the cell, the more efficient it is to transport materials across it
Organisms can be: o Unicellular o Consist of only 1 cell o Multicellular o Consist of multiple cells
2 Basic Cell Types PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
Prokaryotic • Smaller/unicellular • Simple • No organelles • No nucleus • Ex: Bacteria
Eukaryotic • Larger-multi or unicellular • More complex • Many organelles • Structures that have a specific function; “miniorgans” • Nucleus – encloses DNA • Control center of the cell
Eukaryotic o. Ex: Plants, animals, fungi, protists o. Unicellular eukaryotes = Protists
Unicellular Eukaryote. Protists Why are protists eukaryotes if they are only made up of ONE cell? Amoeba Paramecium Dinoflagellates
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote -What is different between the two types of cells?
Prokaryotes • Simple internal structure • Nucleoid Region (no nucleus) • Flagellum → whiplike tail used for movement
Prokaryotes o. Pili – short projects that help bacteria attach to surfaces o. Most primitive organisms
Bacteria E. Coli Strepococcus mutans
Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Cell Organelles and Functions EUKARYOTIC CELLS INTERNAL STRUCTURE
Eukaryotes CAN BE SPLIT INTO PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
Animal Cell
Animal Cell
Plant cell
Nucleus o. Function: Control center of the cell o. Eukaryotic cells ONLY!!!
Nucleus 3 parts: ◦ 1. Contains DNA ◦ A. Chromosome – DNA coiled around proteins called histones ◦ Humans contain 46 chromosomes in nucleus of all cells ◦ Exceptions: Red blood cells (no nucleus), sex cells ◦ B. Chromatin – uncoiled DNA; DNA usually found in this form
Nucleus 2. Nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane) – membrane w/ pores to allow materials in and out of the nucleus 3. Nucleolus – inside the nucleus; makes ribosomes
Cytoplasm o. Organelles can be found in the cytoplasm o. Cytoplasm- portion of the cell outside of the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) Folded membranes attached to nucleus Smooth ER → ◦ Not lined with ribosomes ◦ Synthesizes lipids ◦ Detoxifies chemicals (i. e. liver)
Rough ER ◦Lined with ribosomes ◦Function: Modifies proteins that are being transported Ribosomes- made of RNA & protein - Function: Assemble proteins based on instructions from DNA
C 4 U Difference between Rough and smooth ER What are ribosomes? Where can they be found?
Golgi apparatus (golgi body) Looks like a flattened stack of pancakes Functions: ◦ Receives vesicles (sacs) from the ER and finishes, sorts, and ships protein ◦ “Packages protein” One side = receiving; other side = shipping
Lysosomes • Lysosome – Function: Contains powerful digestive enzymes • Digests food particles to release nutrients to cell Fun Fact enzyme in lysosome destroys skin between fingers/toes during embryo development
Lysosomes ◦“Demolition/cleanup crew” ◦Destroys damaged organelles ◦Ex: neutrophils (WBC) engulf bacteria ◦Produced by the Golgi
Peroxisomes • Functions: • Breakdown fatty acids, H 2 O 2 (catalase), synthesis of myelin (for nerve cells) • Produced by the ER • Disease: ALD – caused by peroxisome not functioning properly
Inside the cell WORKING AS A TEAM
Vacuoles Function: Storage “containers” ◦ store various substances Animals = small and numerous Plants = one large central vacuole ◦ Stores mostly water ◦ Helps with the structure of a plant cell
Central Vacuole • Also functions as a large lysosomecontains enzymes which break down materials • Increases turgor pressure (internal cell pressure)
Turgor Pressure Cell swells due to influx of water Cell shrinks due to water loss
Vacuoles Contractile vacuole → gets rid of excess water; found in some protists ◦ Prevents bursting of cell & dilution
Energy Organelles CHLOROPLAST • Plants only • Some protists and algae • Function: • Site of photosynthesis • Use sun energy to make food energy
Energy Organelles MITOCHONDRIA • All eukaryotes • Function: • Site of cellular respiration • Creates energy for cell (ATP) from food
Mitochondria • Contain 2 membranes • Outer membrane • Inner membranefolded up inside the organelle
Plant cells ONLY! o. Cell Wall o. Function: Rigid layer to protect and support cell o. Keeps cell from bursting o. Made of cellulose (carbohydrate) o. Chloroplasts – used for photosynthesis o. Large central vacuole
Plant Cell
Cytoskeleton - network of protein filaments (fibers) that help the cell maintain its shape • Function: Helps with support/internal structure and movement • Like wood and nails of house
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton • Made up of microfilaments and microtubules
Microfilaments ◦Made of solid globular protein called actin ◦Used for movement and supports shape ◦Ex: Muscle contractions
Intermediate Filaments ◦Made of fibrous proteins ◦They reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles ◦Ex: Holds nucleus in place
Microtubules ◦ Hollow tubes of protein called tubulin ◦ They often disassemble and reassemble ◦ Helps with movement) ◦ Ex: lysosome may slide along to reach food ◦ Ex: movement of chromosomes when cells divide
Movement Both made of microtubules wrapped in membrane Cilia → short and numerous; beat together ◦ Ex: Cells of human windpipe sweep pollen & mucous containing debris from lungs Flagella → few; long and whip-like ◦ Ex: sperm cells
Centrioles • Type of microtubule • Function: Organize DNA during cell division • ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS
PLANT BOTH ANIMAL
Use these terms to fill in your Venn Diagram Cell membrane Golgi body Rough & smooth ER Mitochondria Nucleus Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Central vacuole Chloroplast Lysosome Centrioles Cell Wall Small vacuoles
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