AP Psychology Motivation Emotion and Stress Essential Task

AP Psychology Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task: Describe classic research findings in specific motivation systems (e. g. , thirst, eating, sex, social).

Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory We are here Human Drives Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Motivation & Emotion Explain complex motives Stress Effects (eating, aggression, achievement and sex) Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cannon-Bard Measures Sources Opponent Process Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Coping

Essential Task: Outline • Motivation Systems – Thirst – Hunger

Thirst • Biology of Thirst – Monitor the level of fluids inside the cells – When levels drop thirst drive is activated – Another monitors level of fluids outside the cells causing less blood to flow to the kidneys – This in turn causes the activation of the thirst drive – Environmental cues

The Biology of Hunger Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.

Stomachs Removed Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).

Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 The glucose level in blood is maintained by your pancreas. Insulin decreases glucose in the blood; when the level gets too low, we feel hungry. Glucose Molecule

Glucose & the Brain Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain. Rat Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Centers • The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (when stimulated lab animals ate). • Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating. • The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads one to eat

Hypothalamic Centers • The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (satiety) • Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats excessively. Richard Howard

Leptin • Fat cells in our body produce leptin • Hypothalamus monitors these levels • High levels of leptin signal the brain to reduce appetite or increase the rate at which fat is burned • Leptin deficiency can cause obesity

The Psychology of Hunger • Environmental cues can trigger the biological responses (increased insulin production) • Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food (Rodin et al. , 1998). • Emotional attachment? • Social expectations • Conditioning

Taste Preference: Biology or Culture? Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only how much or when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for! Victor Englebert Richard Olsenius/ Black Star

Hotter Cultures like Hotter Spices Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

Summary

Diet Industry • $20 Billion dollar a year industry (including diet books, diet drugs and weight-loss surgeries. ) • 85% of customers are females • Failure rate in the 90 th percentile

Set-Point Theory • According to the set-point theory, there is a control system built into every person dictating how much fat he or she should carry – a kind of thermostat for body fat. • Some individuals have a high setting, others have a low one. • According to this theory, body fat percentage and bodyweight are matters of internal controls that are set differently in different people.

How to Change the Set Point • Dieting does nothing • Dieting research demonstrates that the body has more than one way to defend its fat stores. • Long-term caloric deprivation, in a way that is not clear, acts as a signal for the body to turn down its metabolic rate. • The body reacts to stringent dieting as though famine has set in. Within a day or two after semi-starvation begins, the metabolic machinery shifts to a cautious regimen designed to conserve the calories it already has on board. Because of this innate biological response, dieting becomes progressively less effective, • A plateau is reached at which further weight loss seems all but impossible.

Can You Change the Set Point? • The ideal approach to weight control would be a safe method that lowers or raises the set point rather than simply resisting it. • So far no one knows for sure how to change the set point, but some theories exist – regular exercise is the most promising as a sustained increase in physical activity seems to lower the setting

Messing with Set-Point • Studies show that a person’s weight at the set point is optimal for efficient activity and a stable, optimistic mood. • When the set point is driven too low, depression and lethargy may set in as a way of slowing the person down and reducing the number of calories expended.

Sexual Motivation § Sex § a physiologically based motive (testosterone, limbic system, pheromones) § BUT it is more affected by learning and values 21

Sexual Motivation § Same drives, different attitudes 22

Sexual Motivation § Births to unwed parents 23

Contrast Effect • When partners view pictures of ‘idealized individuals’ (genetically rare, plastic surgery enhanced, Photoshopped) they rate their own partners less positively. • In an even more disturbing study, men reported lower levels of LOVE and COMMITMENT to their current partners after viewing Playboy centerfolds