1865 1917 Foreign Affairs Imperialism More interest in

1865 -1917 Foreign Affairs Imperialism

More interest in World Affairs Need for new markets n Fear of need for more resources n American industries abroad…(lower wages= more $) n Growth of trade = an interest in World Affairs: n Some wanted colonies n Some wanted world power status n Some wanted to teach the American Way n

Expansionism Manifest Destiny still worked n Social Darwinism still applied n Now: White Man’s Burden too n Colonies would expand markets; stimulate U. S. trade n By 19 th Century: Europe controlled 1/3 of the world n By WWII, 85% n

Supporting Literature n Westward Expansion Romance of the West n Wister, Twain n Scholarly: The Turner Thesis n n Imperialism n Mahan The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: as our navy grows, so does the need for colonies as coaling stations

Expansion v Imperialism n Louisiana Purchase……. Alaska n Texas annexation…………. . Hawaii n Mexican American War……Spanish-Am. War Both: Manifest Destiny & Social Darwinism

Alaska 1867 William Seward (Seward’s Folly) n Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7. 5 million n n 2 cents an acre Seal furs, gold, other minerals, oil, natural gas n Naval bases (later air bases) n 49 th State n

Conflict with Britain over Alaska U. S. v Canadian seal hunters n Both agreed to arbitrate n U. S. Lost $500, 000 in damages n Boundary agreement reached before 1898 gold was found n Much later int’l restrictions on seal hunting: U. S. , Britain, Russia, Japan n

Hawaii Late 1700’s…was used by Americans as a stop for water and supplies n Later: missionaries, traders, shopkeepers n By mid 19 th Century over ½ of native population had died (disease, firearms, liqueur) n By 1854 U. S. citizens in Hawaii only 5% of population but controlled most of the land n Others there: Chinese, Japanese, British, German, Portuguese n

U. S. Agreement with Hawaii n Treaty of Reciprocity: Hawaiian sugar to the U. S. duty free n U. S. could use Pearl Harbor as a naval base n Hawaii agreed not to yield its territory to other countries n Hawaiian economy tied to sugar exports n THEN…disaster!. . . Mc. Kinley Tariff n

Hawaii continued Mc. Kinley Tariff cost Islands $12 million n American planters in Hawaii passed the losses on to Hawaiian native laborers n 1891 Queen Liliuokalani challenged growing American control n Took power from King Kalakauna who allowed Americans to take the Island from Hawaiians n

Hawaii continued American planters wanted to be rid of the queen n 1893 A Revolution…caused by American planters pretended that it was a popular revolt n 1898 Leaders of the revolt asked U. S. to annex islands (If U. S. owned…no sugar tariff) n Cleveland saw through it and tried to restore the queen n

Other Pacific Islands By 1900 U. S. had acquired over 50 Pacific Islands n 1867 Midway n 1898 Wake n 1878 Samoa… 3000 miles south of Hawaii n 1889 Pago: Samoan harbor was shared in a tripartite with Germany and Britain n By 1899 U. S. and Germany bought Brits out n

China By 1790’s U. S. had established trade with China n Missionaries, Schools, hospitals, friendly n 1844 Treaty of Wanghia: Americans enjoyed special trading privileges n Soon, so did everyone else n Other countries encroaching on Chinese Territory…formed Spheres of Influence n

China continued China could not defend itself n Britain in Hong Kong n French in Indochina n Russia and Japan in Manchuria n Also others in China: Portuguese, Germany, etc n n U. S. concerned about trade

China continued n Chinese to U. S. to build Railroads n 1868 Anson-Burlingame Treaty: to aid in moving Chinese RR workers to come to U. S. n 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: No more Chinese immigrants to U. S. and the Chinese already in U. S. could not become naturalized citizens

China n continued 1894 Japan made war on China Took Formosa n Demanded Korea’s independence n Other countries expanded spheres n U. S. alarmed (trade) n John Hay (Mc. Kinley’s Sec of State) issued Open Door Notes: Asked all countries involved in China to respect Chinese Territorial integrity: the Open Door Policy…ignored n

China n Note: The Open Door Policy was a revolutionary departure from traditional U. S. isolationist policy 1901 Boxer Rebellion: Young Chinese formed a secret underground society “the Boxers” committed to ousting foreigners. n Killed hundreds of foreigners, destroyed much foreign-owned property n

Boxer Rebellion 900 foreigners held out waiting for rescue for 7 weeks n Herbert Hoover (American self-made millionaire in China working on a dam project. He was an engineer) n International military force who had citizens in China invaded and defeated the Boxers n All but U. S. demanded reparations from Chinese government n

Japan Historically shut off from the rest of the world n Isolationist: allowed only one Dutch per year to trade n Emperor did not allow citizens to leave islands n American wanted trade, Supplies, Fresh water n 1854 President Fillmore sent Commodore Perry to Japan with guns and gifts to n

Japan continued Other countries did the same n Japan immediately modernized its navy n Had no natural resources n Went after China (Manchuria…clashed with Russia). n War with China 1894 n War with Russia 1904 -05 n 1905 Japan defeated Russian Fleet! n

Japan n continued Treaty of Portsmouth Negotiated by TR…later Nobel Peace Prize n Japan wanted: Korea, Russian Sphere of influence in China, Sakhalin Island $ n Japan got only Korea and Russian sphere of influence n Japan Angry…Anti-American riots in Tokyo n American Press “Yellow Peril” n San Francisco: segregated Japanese children in schools n

Japan continued With TR: 1907 Gentlemen’s Agreement n U. S. would stop segregating Japanese. American students if Japan would stop Japanese from coming to U. S. n n 1908 Root-Takahira Agreement: the U. S. and Japan agreed to stay out of each others’ influence in China

Taft in China n n n Violated the Root-Takahira Agreement Agreed to participate with other nations to build a RR across China Japan responded with a surprise: Treaty with Russia U. S. backed out of RR thing Dollar Diplomacy: Taft: the U. S. would use political (military) influence to protect American investments overseas

The Hague 1899 and 1907 n Diplomats from numerous nations agreed to discuss means to a lasting peace: Spend $ on food, not weapons n Encourage arbitration to settle disputes n Rules of civilized warfare n Note: These were diplomats, not necessarily heads of state (Germany and Japan and Italy lacked natural resources and colonies)

Africa 1904 U. S. citizen and wife were held for ransom by a Moroccan bandit! Razuli n France and Germany both in Morocco n To avoid U. S presence there, Morocco paid the ransom n Treaty of Algeciras: TR mediated a dispute between Germany and France in Morocco n