WORLD HISTORY Unit 7 Late Modern Euro History

WORLD HISTORY Unit #7 – Late Modern Euro History Lesson #207 Wars and Revolutions of the 1800 s

Congress of Vienna • Formation of new states (as kingdoms) – Kingdom of the Netherlands – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Switzerland • Reinstatement of Bourbon dynasty in France • Poland put back on the map – Napoleon had created the Dutch of Warsaw • German Confederation (39 states) – Napoleon had created Confed of Rhine from the Holy Roman Empire – Leadership: Austrian Empire • Formation of Quadruple Alliance Congress of Vienna 3 m diag description

Redrawing the map of Europe Congress of Vienna

What does it show about the direction of a Post-Napoleon Europe in terms of political leadership? For all his faults, what did Napoleon do FOR European leadership and organization, quite by accident?

Problem for the Conservatives… Liberal Middle Class was on the rise, and taking hold in some pockets. Liberal rebellions and Nationalism would flair up in parts of Europe wanting a new direction. For example…

France, post Napoleon • Louis XVIII (1815 -1824) – Brother to Louis XVI – Constitutional Charter (1814) – Two house legislature – Limited suffrage (0. 3%) – Died 1824 • Charles X (1824 -1830) – Brother of Louis and Louis – Repudiated charter – Restricted press – Paris mob attacked July 1830 - REBELLION

France, 1830 • Charles X (1824 -1830) – Charles forced to abdicate – Parliament chose new king – Cousin to Charles – house of Orleans • Louis Philippe (1830 -1848) – new king is chosen by legislature • “Citizen King” since he was chosen • “July Monarchy” since it happened in July – Increased suffrage to 0. 5% – but, was a rather corrupt government – And, it only helped “haupt bourgeois” – Sets France up for… what do YOU think?

This is the Les Mis French Revolution, often called the “SECOND FRENCH REV” Les Mis: DO YOU HEAR THE PEOPLE SING

How is this similar to the original French Revolution? If only the very rich middle class would benefit, what will eventually happen?

Other Rebellions in 1830 and 1848

Liberal Rebellions in 1830 • Italy – Mazzini pushed the Young Italy – EXTREMELY nationalistic – CRUSHED by the Austrian army (up north) – Russia supported independence • Poland – Hated the new control the Russians had over them – Army officers rose up – Rebellion CRUSHED by the Russian army • Germany & Britain – Not at all violent – Germany – not at all organized – Britain – led to a change in voting – suffrage for Liberal (factory owners) – Great Reform Bill 1832

How is France going to become the symbol for all of Europe?

Successful Rebellions in 1830 • Serbia – Formed from Ottoman Empire – EXTREMELY nationalistic – Strove to unite all Serbs into one nation-state – Russia supported independence • Belgium – Requested independence from Kingdom of Netherlands – Had to remain neutral – Not allowed a robust military – Will become an issue prior to WWI

Formation of Greece, 1830 • Greece – Formed from Ottoman Empire – EXTREMELY nationalistic – Maintained own culture, language, history – Sparked inspiration from Romantic circles • Lord Byron – War for independence broke out 1821 – Supported by Russia – Fully independent 1830 (DBQ 2002)

Rebellion broke out AGAIN in 1848 Guess where? Why?

Revolution in France, 1848 • Poor harvest in 1847 (just like back in 1789) • Poor effected most • Louis Philippe – stubborn inaction & complacency • FEBRUARY DAYS – Yet another Rebellion broke out in Feb. 1848 – Workers and students tore up cobblestones – Created barricades – National guard joined commoners – Louis Philippe abdicated – in favor of grandson • France declared itself a republic

Revolution in France, 1848 • Provisional government opened national workshops in Spring, 1848 • Wrote new constitution – powerful executive – To be elected in fall – New National Assembly elections in June • Thousands swarmed Paris for jobs • New government was conservative – Closed workshops down – Caused new rebellion: JUNE DAYS • Conservative Government punished rebels

The saying goes, when France sneezes, Europe gets a cold. What does that mean? Revolution will now spill into other areas of Europe

Revolution in Austria, 1848 March 1848 • Vienna broke out in rebellion • Hungarians rejected Vienna’s leadership • Students led rebellion • Metternich fled in disguise Emperor fled • Czechs joined rebellion • Italians joined rebellion for independence • Austrian army responded by bombarding capital • Russians provided troops • Rebellion crushed; order restored

Revolution in Prussia, 1848 March 1848 • Popular disturbances in Berlin • King FW refused to attack civilians with army • Frederick William allowed for Prussian constituent assembly to write a constitution • FW suggested he’s support a Const. Monarchy FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT met, wrote a constitution – wrote in FW as head of state • FW refused crown in 1849 • Rebellion just fizzled out

Revolution in Italy, 1848 • November 1848 • Italy targeted by Nationalists • Nationalists asked Pope for help to remove French and Austrians • Pope refused, then fled • Italy declared a Roman Republic END OF ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE • French arrived in 1849 • Wrested control • Remained until 1870 war against Prussians

Austria had been the leadership of the Conservative controlled Europe, post-Napoleon. What do you think is happening? What do you think will happen next? Why?

France will become a Republic, and will never have a king again.

Conclusion to 1848 Rev in France • Election for President in Fall, 1848 • Constituency chose a strong man with a strong name with a history of taking charge • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected to Pres – Nephew of Napoleon I – Responsive to the people – Would clash with the conservative National Assembly his whole four year term office – WHY WILL THIS MATTER? • Will lead to a new rebellion, and new emperor

What role did Nationalism play in all these conflicts? What IS Nationalism? What good can come from Nationalism? How can it be “bad”?

France, 1848 -1870 (A strange transition)

French Nationalism • Feb 1848: February Days – Leads to the end of the July Monarchy – Start of a new Republic • June 1848: election of new National Assembly – Conservatives elected (leads to June Days) • Sep. elections – Several 1848 l Bonaparte's elected • Dec. 1848 Presidential Election • 1852 – Presidential Coup • 1853 – France transforms back to an Empire

France becomes an Empire, again President Louis Napoleon (1848 -1852) nephew to Napoleon born in Fontainebleau 1810 raised in arrogance of Bonaparte's attempted a coup in 1836 – exiled to Switz against Louis Philippe– “Citizen King” returned 1848 – elected in Sept ran for President Dec. 1848 elected with overwhelming majority (75%) Who do you suppose loved him most? Popular with the poorest workers, farmers and soldiers Promised to stimulate economy also: avoid future rebellion

Emperor Napoleon III • Focused on Public Works projects • Why? 3 m Paris rebuild

A quick analysis of the wars of the 1800 s

Crimean War • 1854 -1856 (time period of US Civil War – same mentality) • Russians pushed into Moldavia to probe Ottoman resistance and British resolve – Br. and Fr. feared Russian expansion into Med. • French and British teamed with Ottomans – Attacked Russian Black Fleet – 2/3 of the 20, 000 British troops would die on battlefield • First “general war” since 1815 (Napoleon) • Logistical nightmare for British and French • Considered first “modern war” – – – Use of telegraph Extensive use of RR Breach loading rifles and guns Photography & daily news of war Field nursing: Florence Nightingale • Russians force to surrender Black Sea fleet

Characterizations: Purpose: Maintain a Balance of Power Use of modern weaponry, but with old style fighting techniques Senseless death Ridiculous bravery Want to see a reaction of Romanticism to this war?

Charge of the Light Brigade (Lord Tennyson) Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. “Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns!” he said. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Forward, the Light Brigade!” Was there a man dismayed? Not though the soldier knew Someone had blundered. Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them Volleyed and thundered; Stormed at with shot and shell, Cannon to right of them, Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of hell Rode the six hundred.

Last part of the Romantic poem… Flashed all their sabres bare, Flashed as they turned in air Sabring the gunners there, Charging an army, while All the world wondered. Plunged in the battery-smoke Right through the line they broke; Cossack and Russian Reeled from the sabre stroke Shattered and sundered. Then they rode back, but not Not the six hundred. …While horse and hero fell. They that had fought so well Came through the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of hell, All that was left of them, Left of six hundred. When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wondered. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred!

French 19 th C. wars • Italian campaign – Defended Pope, 1848 – French troops crushed rebellion • Crimean War – 1854 – Joined by British – French and English crushed the Russians – Restored balance of power – prevent expanding Russia • War against Austria in N. Italy – 1859 – Joined Italian monarchists to crush Austria – they won this one, too. How will success in these wars affect their attitude? In other words… how do the French think of France after all these victories? • Franco-Prussian War – 1870 – totally different

France was a part of three wars in a single decade, winning all three. What do you think this taught the French about their position in Europe? Is it justified? How is it tied to Nationalism? Why will this become a problem for them?

Franco-Prussian War • Napoleon III insulted by Germ. Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck (The IRON CHANCELLOR) – A Hohenzollern prince invited to throne of Spain • France insists on redress… or they will declare war – France got goaded into war • They were SURE they could quickly defeat Prussia (who now led North Germ. Confed. ) • Instead, the technologically superior Germans defeated and humiliated the French in 6 weeks • France was forced accept defeat in Versailles • France forced to pay reparations, give up land, and Napoleon forced to Abdicate • German states united to defeat France • France will seek revenge

Extra Emphasis: • German states united to defeat France • WHAT WILL GERMAN VICTORIES BY GERMANS OVER THE ARROGANT FRENCH DO FOR GERMAN EGO? • WHAT WILL MAKE THIS UBER DANGEROUS? • France will be HUNGER for revenge • HUNGER!!! • Remember these facts: 1. 2. 3. 4. • France was forced accept defeat in Versailles France forced to pay reparations France lost a bit of land Napoleon forced to Abdicate PREMINITION… WORLD WAR I

Italian Unification 1852 -1870

Italian Nationalists • Goal: create an Italian Republic – Free of Austrians, French and Papal control • Started with Mazzini’s Young Italy – Declaration of Roman Republic in 1848 – Crushed by French troops – and they stayed • Camillo Cavour appointed PM of Sardinia – Served his king, Victor Emmanuel – Goal: create monarchial Italian state – VE was a prince and a general – Ascended to king – turned power over to Cavour 1852

Giuseppe Garibaldi • Kingdom of Italy declared in 1860 • What was Cavour’s plan for Garibaldi? • How did Victor Emmanuel get all power in Italy? click

German Unification 1862 -1870

Otto von Bismarck • The “Iron Chancellor” • German unification by BLOOD AND IRON • Loyal Prime Minister to Prussian King William I – Appointed 1862 – Used Zollverein for Prussia – Prussia dominated this trade union – Austria remained outside – Prussia modernized – Austria lagged behind

Unification of Germany • Otto von Bismarck – was like Cavour – Step #1 – economic development – Step #2 – become the dominant section of Germans – Step #3 – inspire other regions to join • Actions… – Step #1 – Zollverein – Step #2 – force Austria into an unwinnable war – Step #3 – goad the French into declaring war

Bismarck’s wars • Were limited in size, region and length • Denmark (1864) – Schleswig and Holstein • Seven Weeks War (1866) – Austro-Prussian War – Proved Prussian dominance – VERY soft on Austrians – Goal: develop friendship with Prussians as dominant, not create enemy • Franco-Prussian War (1870) – Six weeks – Unified all Germans – Treaty of Versailles – insult to the French

3 m explanation of German Unification

New German Nation • The “second Reich” • Bismarck transformed – From a IRON CHANCELLOR (of war) – To powerful, pragmatic diplomate of peace – became a diplomat and man of peace • Europe became a German continent • German industry booming • Bismarck dominated international politics – Ex: several Berlin Conferences in coming years

Tap into this PPT on my web page Click on the hyperlink attached to the picture (or below). In journal (left side), add to today’s journal question in the form of bullets: what were the tensions that led to a GREAT WAR among the major powers in Europe. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? annotation_id=annotation_1384867839&feature=iv&list=UUUcy. Es. Ejh. PEDf 69 RR Vh. Rh 4 A&src_vid=Zm. Hxq 28440 c&v=f 11 CKYB 2 FCA