HONORS WORLD Unit 7 Modern World History PPT

HONORS WORLD Unit #7 – Modern World History PPT #706 The Causes of WWI aka THE GREATEST STUPIDITY EVER WRAUGHT BY MODERN HUMANS

Describe war in a word… • Choose the most destructive war you can think of • Name it • Choose a word to describe it • Share with your group • Share with the class • http: //www. history. com/topics/world-war-i-history/videos/world-war-ione-word

What were the “main” causes of the First World War? (What to you remember from 9 th Grade?

Causes of WWI = MAIN • • M= A= I= N=

Causes of WWI = MAIN • • M = Militarism A= I= N=

Causes of WWI = MAIN • • M = Militarism A = Alliances N= I=

Causes of WWI = MAIN • • M = Militarism A = Alliances I = Imperialism N=

Causes of WWI = MAIN • • M = Militarism A = Alliances I = Imperialism N = Nationalism

And when you add in the assassination of the crown prince of a country that had depended on MILITARISM, had developed an ALLIANCE with one of the Big 5 nations, and had been IMPERIALISTICALLY collecting neighboring lands for years, you have a REAL problem. You have…

MANIA!

Causes of WWI = MANIA! • • • M = Militarism A = Alliances N = Nationalism I = Imperialism A = Assassination

You may have learned this as FAMINE • • • F = FREEDOM OF SEAS A = Alliances M = Militarism I = Imperialism N = Nationalism E = Economic issues

Why might US care about a war in Europe, even today?

If the US went to war today, what nations would come to our aid?

Force: NATIONALISM

Nationalism • Complete love for your nationality • The force that would form some nations (by uniting), and tear others apart • Napoleon had taught Europe the power of Nationalism • Since his time, all nationalities across the continent started expressing nationalistic beliefs. Led to greatness, and to prejudice. – Example: British and French saw themselves as superior to Austrians and Russians – All “big 5” saw themselves superior to non-Europeans • And, in some cases, nationalism led to war – Franco-Prussian War – Six Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)

What happened to the “big 5” nations? • Quadruple Alliance of the Congress of Vienna – The four nations who defeated France – Purpose: prevent another rise of a nation to dominate Europe, one that would cause a big war – Add in France, and all nations would work together to eliminate the rise of another Napoleon • This system, started in 1815 was successful – Liberal rebellions of 1830 & 1848 were eliminated – Rise of Russia in 1854 led to Crimean War – the way Franc and England stripped them of power – No one nation came to dominate anything, all the way up to 1870

What happened to the “big 5” nations? • France – focused mainly on leading cultural Europe; had a VERY successful army and navy • Russia – hoped to expand empire and control its massive (and antiquated) serf population • Prussia – modernizing, growing in power • Austria – focused on controlling ethnic diversity (75% of their population) and expanding empire • Britain – focused mainly on overseas empire and a Navy as large as next two nations combined

Effect of Nationalism • Prussians were able to harness it to unit all Germans under one political entity in 1870 • Italians were able to harness it to remove non. Italian rulers from Italy in 1866 • French and English saw themselves as superior, based on race, especially overseas • Austrians torn apart by it, since nationalities within outnumbered Austrians 3 to 1 – After Austrians lost several wars, Hungarians inside Empire demanded independence – Compromise was to turn it into a dual empire: Austro. Hungarian Empire, with two sections ruled by their own kings, with one Emperor over both

The new German nation 1. Germany was formed in 1870 – And quickly became the most dominant nation 2. Three wars taught Europe that Germany was the strongest nation in the world – Denmark War: Austria and Germany fought together and easily defeated Denmark – Six Weeks War: North Germany defeated Austria – Franco-Prussian War: Germans defeated France – Who was left to stop Germany?

The new German nation 1. The new German nation was run by a guy named Otto von Bismarck. His #1 priority was keeping Germany safe from attack. 2. What do you think he did to keep others from attacking? Alliances Strong military Reputation of tough Controlled all negotiations – – • • Berlin Conference of 1878 Berlin Conference of 1884

Force: IMPERIALISM

Impact of Imperialism • Europeans had been taking over lands throughout world for years • Mostly for financial reasons • But Nationalism led to competition • And Imperialism became the “proof” of your nationality’s greatness – The more land people you collected, the mightier you appeared – Britain and France set out to “win” – Russia had already owned much of Asia – Austria had been collecting Eastern Europe – Prussia had been left behind – would look to fix that

Led to competitive empire building • Africa: the “scramble” for Africa – Europeans pushed deep into Africa, claiming land – Led to conflict: stopped by German Conference in 1884 • East Asia: Opium Wars and the control of China • Latin America: had already been colonized • Pacific Islands: the last frontier: USA was late to start collecting: won lands in Spanish-American War

German colonies 1914 Compare this to the British colonial empire

British Colonies 1914 Why will this matter to Germany?

Imperialism • How is this comparison going to create tension? German colonial empire British colonial empire

Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899 This famous poem, written by Britain's imperial poet, was a response to the American take over of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. Born in British India in 1865, Rudyard Kipling was educated in England before returning to India in 1882, where his father was a museum director and authority on Indian arts and crafts. He wrote the Jungle book in the mid-1890 s, then this prose in 1899, encouraging the Americans to be responsible to their new colony. Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden-In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.

Conflict in Africa • Cecil Rhodes – Gold and silver mines – Diamond mines – Rhodesia • South Africa – Boar War – 1899 -1902 – Boar = Settlers from Netherlands (Afrikaners) • Zaire (Democratic Republic of Africa – King Leopold of Belgium • British took over Egypt 1882 – Vital to control of Suez & cotton industry there

Germany in Africa • Bismarck saw this “scramble” as dangerous • Berlin Conference of 1884 • Bismarck saved Europe from fighting a war over colonizing Africa

Berlin Conference of 1884

Example: Berlin Conference of 1878 • Was called by Bismarck to negotiate a peace in Europe following Russo-Turkish War of 1876 -1878 • Russia and Serbia attacked Ottomans to take land – Russia took the Dardanelles – Serbia took Bosnia • Europeans saw this as an upset to Balance of Power – Bismarck called their leaders together • Britain got Cyprus, France got Tunisia • Austro-Hungary got Bosnia • Notice: Germans took nothing – what does this show about intentions of Bismarck? • What did Russia and Serbia get? • What will this mean for their relationship with Germany?

Force: ALLIANCES

Impact of Alliances • Bismarck constructed a complicated series of alliances • After defeating France in 1870, he needed to guarantee that would be the last war – Prussia united North Germans to defeat Austria – Prussia united all the rest of German states to defeat France (1870)… all but Austria – But, the new Germany immediately allied with Austria: “no hard feelings” – Bismarck then courted Russia and refused to establish empire, to avoid conflict with Britain • Bismarck left France alone: realized with no friends, France was no threat – The key was to deny France any allies – To do that, Germany had to ally with Russia AND Austria

Three Emperor’s League • Who was in it? • Naturally, Germans all pulled together… but why Russia? (hint: preventing them from joining…)

Dual Alliance • Bismarck made this a priority. Why? • Bismarck had to be SURE no nation could join with France. Why? • Bismarck planned to leave Britain alone. Why? The MULTINATIONAL AUSTROHUNGARIAN EMPIRE The NEW GERMAN EMPIRE

Triple Alliance • Why would Italy join such an alliance? • Why would Bismarck welcome this alliance? • Why will Italy likely be a weak link?

Bismarck’s alliance structure • His singular purpose: REAL POLITIC: prevent a war by creating alliances – to control the whole continent • But, that would all change, when his King, Kaiser William I died, passing power to his grandson, William II • In one moment, Germany went from a peace making state, to one which created tension • Europe had become a German run continent. Why was that a GOOD thing? • No one seemed to mind being controlled by Bismarck and a powerful Germany. WHY? ! • What would be the worst thing to happen?

William II – a new direction for Germany • William had a vision that was different than Bismarck. He wanted to prevent war by having all of Europe respect and fear Germany • So, he fired Bismarck, and set Germany on a course that would change history forever

Who was this William II? • Younger, more ostentatious Kaiser than William I - Ambitious, arrogant, bombastic • Filled with sense of German greatness • Wanted what others had – Like a Navy and empire like England’s – Bismarck saw such nonsense as senseless • But, he did have some really cool hats.

Next Stage: Germany shifts • Bismarck stood in the way of Willy’s vision • William set Germany on a course for greatness – to find her place in the sun! • He fortified the alliance with Austria by casting off Russia – no need for that behemoth

What happened next? • France finally found a friend • Germany started building Navy to compete with Britain, making them an enemy • France grabbed on to them, too • To massive alliance camps formed. THIS WILL LEAD TO MILITARISM

Force: MILITARISM

• Two parts to this “ism” 1. Build up side and power of your military to compete with enemy (arms race), and 2. Military leaders become trusted as political advisors • From 1905 to 1913, arms race moved FAST • As Germany built its Navy, Britain tried to stay ahead • As Germany built army, France and Russia built there’s in competition Militarism Why will this matter?

Militarism Why is this dangerous? Why will this encourage war?

British Navy 1914 What does it seem the British are trying to prove?

What does it look like Germany is trying to do?

ALL PRESSURES ARE NOW IN PLACE. THEY’RE AT A TIPPING POINT.

The last straw: panic and misconception • Germans were unable to outmaneuver and win Naval Arms Race against Britain, nor Army Arms Race against Russia and France • What would you advise Germany to do? • Germans came up with a plan to avoid utter destruction if a war broke out. • Why would they fear this? • How to prevent a twofront war?

Fear: a two front war • How will Germany avoid fighting both Russia and France at once, who had become allies?

THE SCHLEIFFEN PLAN • Schlieffen Plan • Avoid fighting a two front war

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Why did Serbs hate him? Germany had ONE good ally Austria MUST stay strong When Gavrillo Princip shot the Prince, they wanted to use the opportunity to destroy Serbia • They needed assurance from Germany that they could attack Serbia, and Germany would support it – Germany gave them a “blank check” • Russia would use the opportunity to BACK Serbia, to look strong again • •

Then, everything unraveled • • Austria declared war on Serbia (Aug, 1914) Serbia called on Russian help… WILL THEY? . . . Why will Russian help frighten Germany? Russia started to mobilize… Germany threatened them Why MUST Germany stop Russian mobilization? Russia continued… their goal: force Austria to stop Britain called for a conference – Which everyone ignored… • Germany panicked – invoked the Schlieffen Plan • What is the first part? • Germany will invade France through Belgium, the weak border to France. Why will this bring in England?

The Assassination that leads to war • All of these tensions were in place, and were like a can of gasoline. . . • Ready to explode! • The prince of Austria, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated • That was like throwing a match on the can of gas… • His assassination led quickly to a massive deadly war

Vids on Causes & start of War Watch each of these videos by Friday, and describe what you learned from each of them. Indian Lydel – WWI Channel – 9 m (segment #1) This will describe Europe prior to the war The Assassination – click on the picture This will show you a dramatization of the assassination

Start of World War I 1. The plan guessed Russia would take a long time mobilizing (preparing for war) 2. Germany declared war on France, and invaded through Belgium 3. And planned to hit Russia later 4. Britain joined in – WWI had begun Plan: to defeat France first, THEN Russia

THE FIGHTING of WWI • • • Problem: Russia mobilized surprisingly quickly Germany had to commit troops to Eastern Front Germany forced to fight on two fronts German Western advanced halted German Eastern advanced pushed deep into Russia 59

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THE FIGHTING of WWI • Russian fast mobilization messed up German Schlieffen Plan forced them into two front war – In East: Russians pulverized – In West: Trench Warfare “the Western Front” • Russians forced into retreat • Humiliated, the Czar abdicated • Russia ended up surrendering • West was static • Trench Warfare Over the top 10 m 61

Over the top! • Describe this sensation • Include obstacles you’d have to face

Over the top! • Describe this sensation (going “over the top”) • Include obstacles you’d have to face

Trench Warfare

What was the strategy of Trench Warfare? • Dig your trench for protection, and dig a secondary trench behind you. • What do you think that was for? – Reserves and supplies – Somewhere to run to if the enemy got across no man’s land • Lay down barbed wire in front of your trench, aim your artillery at the enemy and no man’s land, and point your machine guns at no man’s land. • What was barbed wire for? – Slow the advancement of the enemy so they were easier to shoot • Wait

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare click

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare • Describe life in the trenches

NEW KILLING MACHINES of WWI • • click “Aeroplane” Submarine Tanks Flame thrower Poison gas Longer range artillery Pill boxes TRENCH WARFARE click click 71

And some “old” weapons click

World War I • Why was this called “the war to end all wars”? • How is this a transition of “old” style of fighting with “new” style of killing?

How did the war end? 1. Russia overextended its ability to fight, and Russians insisted their government surrender 2. Germans then moved troops in East to the Western Front 3. But, Germany was just as exhausted 4. When USA joined in, Germans demanded their government end war, too. click

THE END of WWI • Russians defeated, forced to surrender • Americans join fight in 1917 • Germans finally surrender 1918 • Armistice: 11 -11 -18 at 11 am 75

Palace of Versailles Hall of Mirrors Chosen for the location of the TREATY TO END THE GREAT WAR

PEACE TREATY of WWI • TREATY OF VERSAILLES • Run by “big four” – USA, FRANCE, ENGLAND, ITALY • • • Wilson: Fourteen Points, including a Germany not invited League of Nations to prevent future war Russia not invited France, England, Italy want to punish USA tried to prevent: failed Result: a treaty that humiliated Germany 77

Treaty of Versailles Germany lost land Germany lost all colonies Germany had to allow for a French army of occupation Germany had to take all blame for war Germany had to shrink Army and Navy

THE IMPACT of WWI • Almost 17 million dead – 10 million military – 7 million civilian – Deadliest killer, up to then • 20 million wounded OTHER CASUALTIES: • Land destroyed • Fear and anger • Hatred and self protection • Economies devastated • Desperation will lead to dictatorships in 1930 s • Dictatorships lead to war in 1940 s 79

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (1918) • • Russian defeats destroyed Czar’s government Czar abdicated (stepped down as Emperor) the new “Duma” (congress) refused to surrender Duma overthrown by Bolsheviks (Communists) (6 months later) Civil War – Communists won Result: Lenin (leader of Communists) created a classless society 80