WORLD HISTORY Unit 7 Late Modern Euro History

WORLD HISTORY Unit #7 – Late Modern Euro History Lesson #203 Ideologies and Revolutions of Early 1800 s

New Political Ideas • • • Conservatism Liberalism Socialism Industrialization Marxism WHAT IS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT, WHEN IT COMES TO FACTORIES AND WORKERS? 2

Conservatism • Describe “conservative” • This was the “old” belief structure • It supported Kings and Nobles having control • Hobbes had said you need a powerful leader with complete control • Otherwise… • Man would kill other men… 3

Liberalism • Liberalism was the new idea of the new and growing Middle Class • These men were “self made” • And, they expected to have laws protecting what they created (their factories) • LAISSEZ FAIRE • They believed the workers chose to be just workers 4

Socialism • Socialists expected governments to protect the workers • They saw factory owners treating people like machines • And thought that was unfair • And wanted government to force businesses to protect the workers 5

Liberalism vs. Socialism Describe why each was “right. ” LIBERALISM SOCIALISM • Should businesses be allowed to treat workers however they want, to maximize profits? • Should government force businesses to pay a “fair wage, ” and provide benefits? 6

Britain, post Napoleon • • Parliament still manipulated by the king Post war – economy was messy Led to a Tory ministry (only 8% could vote) How could they justify that small number? – Conservative – Supported landed wealthy – Corn Law – tariff on grain imports – Combination Acts – outlawed unions – Coercion Act of 1817 – suspension of habeas corpus and freedom of speech • Led to Peterloo massacre (1819) • Militia called in to dispurse – 11 killed

Who should be allowed to vote? • In your group, devise a law that discusses voting rights • What restrictions should be placed on voting? • Examples: age, knowledge, experience, location of where you were born, wealth, etc. • Who should be allowed to govern? • What limits should be placed on them?

Golden Age of Middle Class • People started defining themselves by a class • Developed class awareness • Classes developed personality • Why was Middle Class gaining in power and influence? • Spheres for women became more pronounced and defined • Men (and women) protected the integrity of women like it was an “investment” • What does “home, sweet home” mean? Cotton imports & Iron exports

In your group, come up with a definition of MIDDLE CLASS

Opposition to Middle Class • William Blake: factories = “satanic mills” • William Wordsworth: sad for end of rural life • Marx & Engels – Conditions of the Working Class (1844) – “I charge the English Middle Classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery and all the other crimes on the calendar” • Reality: industrial competition led to cheaper products and more availability to the masses • So… were the factory owners really “monsters”? • LUDDITES THOUGHT SO… 1 m explanation Luddites destroying machines Marx and Engels

New Ideas about Society 1. Workers treated as machines 2. Karl Marx said, this makes them PROLETARIAT 3. Proletariat will protest 4. Proletariat will eventually overthrow factory owners 5. Create a classless society 6. Everyone is equal WHY IS THIS FLAWED? 12

Failure of Marxism 1. Marx believed Proletariat was destined to overpower owners 2. And create a new society 3. He called his system “communism” 4. (based on communal property) 5. But, socialists scored government laws 6. Working conditions improved 7. Marx prediction did not come true WHY NOT? 13

Common worker • Factory Act of 1833 – legislation more responsive to needs of the common man – Pulled kids out of them factories and mines – WHY WILL THIS CAUSE WOMEN TO BE PULLED OUT, AND BECOME HOME-MAKERS? • First 100 years – workers treated like machines • By 1840 – wages rose substantially • Mechanism did make clothing cheaper • Adults still worked an 11 hour day • Diets improved – more varied • Housing – remained deplorable Robert Owen

How is the Factory Act of 1833 going to help the kids, but hurt the feminist movement? Does this make the FACTORY ACT of 1833 a good thing, or a bad thing?

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New Ideologies • Conservatism – Not new – Tories • Classical Liberalism – Whigs – Factory owners • Nationalism – Giuseppe Mazzini – Duties of Man • Socialism – Government MUST protect all citizens • Marxist Socialism • Romanticism

Socialism • A general concept, united by – Intense desire to help the poor – Pushed to close gap between rich and poor – Private property regulated to some degree • Henri de Saint-Simon – Saw aristocracy as “parasites” – Saw scientists, engineers, industrialists as “doers” • Charles Fourier – Envisioned socialist utopia of 1, 620 person selfsufficient community – Abolition of marriage – Free unions, based on love and sexual freedom

Robert Owen – Utopian Socialist 8 hours work • Purchased a cotton mill in Scotland ~1800 8 hours recreation • Most workers were lowest in society 8 hours rest – 500 of 2000 employees were pauper kids – Others were drunkards, thieves, weak moral fiber – Pay was in tokens – called TRUNK SYSTEM – Factory owned stores were called TRUNK SHOPS • Owen opened a store selling quality goods – Wholesale prices - Savings passed on to consumer – Alcohol under strict supervision Health, contentment prevailed Drunkenness almost unknown • Care for young Illegitimacy very rare – Founder of infant child care in Britain – Children brought up were “graceful, genial, unconstrained” • Owen’s relationship with workers remained excellent

Will Owen’s plan work?

Nationalism • United by common culture, history and language • Government should represent your nationality • Could lead to cultural superiority • Giuseppe Mazzini – Duties of Man – Formed YOUNG ITALY – To set Italy free from Austrian dominance • WHY NOW? – Post- Napoleon – he was the teacher of the value of Nationalism – Village system HAD been source of identity… had been disrupted with Enclosures

When can nationalism be a good thing? GIVE EXAMPLES – 3 FROM GROUP When can nationalism be a BAD thing? GIVE AN EXAMPLE FROM GROUP

Utilitarianism • Laws for the greatest good for the greatest number of people • Jeremy Bentham • Thought poor were poor b/c they lacked motivation to work hard • Created workshops • Very cold, impersonal, uncomfortable • National guard rounded up homeless • Theory: pain > pleasure = you’d work your way out of predicament

Romanticism • Rejection of the order of Neo-classism Beethoven’s 5 th • Filled with drama and emotion – From “STURM AND DRANG” (storm and stress) (1770 s) • William Wordsworth – wrote how ordinary things and behaviors became majestic • George Sand – a divorced woman • Brothers Grimm – German folk tales Eroica • Ludwig von Beethoven – wildly powerful emotional music • Joseph Turner & Eugene Delecroix – Nature is powerful – life is colorful, emotional and full of drama; exotic subjects

Romanticism

Analysis • What appears to be happening all over Europe in early 1800 s? – Provide evidence • Who seems to be gaining power? – Provide evidence • Who will be new leading nation in Europe? – Provide evidence

Ireland • • Was a colony of Britain Life was repress life and horrible Population doubled in 1700 s – 3 million 1725 – 8 million 1780 • • • Depopulated Ireland 1841 – 8 million 1851 – 6. 5 million 1901 – 4. 5 million 2001 – 5. 5 million Family of 6 lived on a single acre Introduction of potato ensured survival Totally dependent on potato Wore out soil Led to fungus blight 1845, 1846, 1848 – – Great Potato Famine 1. 5 million died of starvation in just 10 years 1 million emigrated Created resentment

History of early 19 th century, post Napoleon

Congress of Vienna • • • • Ultimate goal: create a lasting peace Why is this needed? How will they do that? Members at this “Congress” represented the “old order” What is the “old order”? (Old Regime) Who do you think they blamed? Congress saw the rising Middle Class as dangerous – what will they do about it? War had been used to benefit a nation But now, war is feared – why? (hint: Napoleon’s wars were “total” wars) New goal: avoid war at all costs Congress created mechanisms to prevent war Reaction: laws and leaders to encourage conservative values; repress all mid. class ideas Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna • Formation of new states (as kingdoms) – Kingdom of the Netherlands – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Switzerland • Reinstatement of Bourbon dynasty in France • Poland put back on the map – Napoleon had created the Dutch of Warsaw • German Confederation (39 states) – Napoleon had created Confed of Rhine from the Holy Roman Empire – Leadership: Austrian Empire • Formation of Quadruple Alliance Congress of Vienna 3 m diag description

Redrawing the map of Europe Congress of Vienna

What does it show about the direction of a Post-Napoleon Europe in terms of political leadership? For all his faults, what did Napoleon do FOR European leadership and organization, quite by accident?

Problem for the Conservatives… Liberal Middle Class was on the rise, and taking hold in some pockets. Liberal rebellions and Nationalism would flair up in parts of Europe wanting a new direction. For example…

France, post Napoleon • Louis XVIII (1815 -1824) – Brother to Louis XVI – Constitutional Charter (1814) – Two house legislature – Limited suffrage (0. 3%) – Died 1824 • Charles X (1824 -1830) – Brother of Louis and Louis – Repudiated charter – Restricted press – Paris mob attacked July 1830 - REBELLION

France, 1830 • Charles X (1824 -1830) – Charles forced to abdicate – Parliament chose new king – Cousin to Charles – house of Orleans • Louis Philippe (1830 -1848) – new king is chosen by legislature • “Citizen King” since he was chosen • “July Monarchy” since it happened in July – Increased suffrage to 0. 5% – but, was a rather corrupt government – And, it only helped “haupt bourgeois” – Sets France up for… what do YOU think?

This is the Les Mis French Revolution, often called the “SECOND FRENCH REV”

How is this similar to the original French Revolution? If only the very rich middle class would benefit, what will eventually happen?

Other Rebellions in 1830 and 1848

Liberal Rebellions in 1830 • Italy – Mazzini pushed the Young Italy – EXTREMELY nationalistic – CRUSHED by the Austrian army (up north) – Russia supported independence • Poland – Hated the new control the Russians had over them – Army officers rose up – Rebellion CRUSHED by the Russian army • Germany & Britain – Not at all violent – Germany – not at all organized – Britain – led to a change in voting – suffrage for Liberal (factory owners) – Great Reform Bill 1832

How is France going to become the symbol for all of Europe?

Successful Rebellions in 1830 • Serbia – Formed from Ottoman Empire – EXTREMELY nationalistic – Strove to unite all Serbs into one nation-state – Russia supported independence • Belgium – Requested independence from Kingdom of Netherlands – Had to remain neutral – Not allowed a robust military – Will become an issue prior to WWI

Formation of Greece, 1830 • Greece – Formed from Ottoman Empire – EXTREMELY nationalistic – Maintained own culture, language, history – Sparked inspiration from Romantic circles • Lord Byron – War for independence broke out 1821 – Supported by Russia – Fully independent 1830 (DBQ 2002)

Rebellion broke out AGAIN in 1848 Guess where? Why?

Revolution in France, 1848 • Poor harvest in 1847 • Poor effected most • Louis Philippe – stubborn inaction & complacency • FEBRUARY DAYS – Yet another Rebellion broke out in Feb. 1848 – Workers and students tore up cobblestones – Created barricades – National guard joined commoners – Louis Philippe abdicated – in favor of grandson • France declared itself a republic

Revolution in France, 1848 • Provisional government opened national workshops in Spring, 1848 • Wrote new constitution – powerful executive – To be elected in fall – New National Assembly elections in June • Thousands swarmed Paris for jobs • New government was conservative – Closed workshops down – Caused new rebellion: JUNE DAYS • Conservative Government punished rebels

The saying goes, when France sneezes, Europe gets a cold. What does that mean? Revolution will now spill into other areas of Europe

Revolution in Austria, 1848 March 1848 • Vienna broke out in rebellion • Hungarians rejected Vienna’s leadership • Students led rebellion • Metternich fled in disguise Emperor fled • Czechs joined rebellion • Italians joined rebellion for independence • Austrian army responded by bombarding capital • Russians provided troops • Rebellion crushed; order restored

Revolution in Prussia, 1848 March 1848 • Popular disturbances in Berlin • King FW refused to attack civilians with army • Frederick William allowed for Prussian constituent assembly to write a constitution • FW suggested he’s support a Const. Monarchy FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT met, wrote a constitution – wrote in FW as head of state • FW refused crown in 1849 • Rebellion just fizzled out

Revolution in Italy, 1848 • November 1848 • Italy targeted by Nationalists • Nationalists asked Pope for help to remove French and Austrians • Pope refused, then fled • Italy declared a Roman Republic END OF ITALIAN INDEPENDENCE • French arrived in 1849 • Wrested control • Remained until 1870 war against Prussians

Austria had been the leadership of the Conservative controlled Europe, post-Napoleon. What do you think is happening? What do you think will happen next? Why?

France will become a Republic, and will never have a king again.

Conclusion to 1848 Rev in France • Election for President in Fall, 1848 • Constituency chose a strong man with a strong name with a history of taking charge • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected to Pres – Nephew of Napoleon I – Responsive to the people – Would clash with the conservative National Assembly his whole four year term office – WHY WILL THIS MATTER? • Will lead to a new rebellion, and new emperor

France will have yet another revolution in 1852 (A strange transition)

French Nationalism • Feb 1848: February Days – Leads to the end of the July Monarchy – Start of a new Republic • June 1848: election of new National Assembly – Conservatives elected (leads to June Days) • Sep. elections – Several 1848 l Bonaparte's elected • Dec. 1848 Presidential Election • 1852 – Presidential Coup • 1853 – France transforms back to an Empire

France becomes an Empire, again President Louis Napoleon (1848 -1852) nephew to Napoleon born in Fontainebleau 1810 raised in arrogance of Bonaparte's attempted a coup in 1836 – exiled to Switz against Louis Philippe– “Citizen King” returned 1848 – elected in Sept ran for President Dec. 1848 elected with overwhelming majority (75%) Who do you suppose loved him most? Popular with the poorest workers, farmers and soldiers Promised to stimulate economy also: avoid future rebellion

Emperor Napoleon III • Focused on Public Works projects • Why? 3 m Paris rebuild

An application of the Quadruple Alliance – maintaining the BALANCE OF POWER… Why would nations fight in a “general war” (one which includes more than one of the powers in the Quadruple Alliance)?

Crimean War • 1854 -1856 (time period of US Civil War – same mentality) • Russians pushed into Moldavia to probe Ottoman resistance and British resolve – Br. and Fr. feared Russian expansion into Med. • French and British teamed with Ottomans – Attacked Russian Black Fleet – 2/3 of the 20, 000 British troops would die on battlefield • First “general war” since 1815 (Napoleon) • Logistical nightmare for British and French • Considered first “modern war” – – – Use of telegraph Extensive use of RR Breach loading rifles and guns Photography & daily news of war Field nursing: Florence Nightingale • Russians force to surrender Black Sea fleet

Characterizations: Purpose: Maintain a Balance of Power Use of modern weaponry, but with old style fighting techniques Senseless death Ridiculous bravery How is this war a true manifestation of Romanticism?

Videos of 19 th Century History Romantic vs. Classic art • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 Qm. Jof. RAB 9 M Congress of Vienna – Crash Course (fake) • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ut. Dl. WW 6 Qpc 4 Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=PCx. T 4 TTl-f. Y Crimean War • • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=XHNz. UDNegx 0 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=F_SMMp. UFZT 0