Honors World Unit 7 Modern Euro History Lesson

Honors World Unit #7 – Modern Euro History Lesson #707 (Between the World Wars)

Dictators, heroes and weirdos Name the leaders of this era • Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler • Il Duce, The Furer, Man of Steel • Brown Shirts, Black Shirts, SA • Nicholas II , Lenin, Kerensky and Rasputin • Orlando, Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Wilson • William II, Bismarck, Nicholas II, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip Name each category

Why does this matter? 3

So, what happened to Russia because of WWI?

Modern Russia • Nicholas was a REALLY poor Czar – 1894 -1917 – Totally unprepared to rule • Most Russians still oppressed… farmers and now workers • When Austria declared war on Serbia in 1914, Nicholas mobilized all 5 million Russian troops to back Serbia • WHY WOULD HE DO THAT, KNOWING WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN? • Russian mobilization sparked the German Schlieffen Plan, and the start of WWI – why? 4 m Bio

Nicholas hastened the end of Russia • Russians were pulverized by German troops 2, 000 dead in just the first year Nicholas took command of front line Nicholas was then blamed for losses Troops mutinied, and he was forced to abdicate – later executed • Why would he have to abdicate? • • • Russia plummeted into a civil war • Some blame Rasputin; most just blame the Russians sick and tired of crappy political and economic leadership 1 m Summary 6 m Bio 6

Bless you, my child

TWO Revolutions in Russia • February Revolution (March, 1917) – Czar abdicated – Kerensky duma took over (Provisional Government) – Promised to win the war – Why? ! – Why will this be a big mistake? • October Revolution (Nov. 1917) – Lenin transported from exile by Germans – Soviets spontaneously formed (Workers and soldiers) – Bolsheviks wanted to violently overthrow the government – Lenin led Bolsheviks

Lenin’s Government • Land, factories and banks were to be nationalized – given to “the people” The war was ended at any cost – LAND! PEACE! BREAD! – WHY WAS THIS GENIUS? • Treaty of Brest Litovsk – March 1918 – Surrender of best farmland • War Communism – excuse of Communists (new name for Bolsheviks) to take all wealth • Civil War raged on – Lenin’s “Reds” were winning, but needed more food • Peasants forced to surrender their new land food to the Communist cause • Lenin went and died in 1924 (stroke in 1922)

Battle between Stalin and Trotsky Lenin’s death created a power vacuum Trotsky had led much of Lenin’s plans But Trotsky was arrogant and idealistic Stalin was the Secretary of the Party That meant he had the power to fire and hire all members of the inner circle • Stalin worked for years to gather a following • By 1927, he struck – banned Trotsky from government, then the party, then the country • And then… • • •

What ever happened to Nicholas? • • His days were numbered as soon as he abdicated He planned to escaped to Britain or Belgium Problem: nobody would take him He was moved to a remote house in Siberia There, he and his whole family were executed Why would they do that? ! What did they have that could help the escape? 1) 7 m Indian Nydel on Nich II 3) 3 m Execution 2) 3 m Bio on Nich

Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles

The war ended strangely • Armistice began on Nov 11 at 11 am • Germans desperate for an end to the madness • Why would Germany agree to peace?

Paris Peace Conference • Started January, 1919 in Paris • 27 nations sent representatives Why do they get to make all the decisions? – Germany and Austria not allowed to attend – Russia was not invited – (Lenin’s government not seen as legitimate) • Negotiations lasted five months • Run by “the Big Four” – Britain – France – Italy – United States

Goal of each nation was different United States: • Peace without victors – WHY WERE WE UNIQUE? • All nations should exist by self determination France: • Punish Germany – WHY JUST THEM? • weaken Germany – WHY? Britain: • Protect their empire (colonies) • Get rich again (US, too!) Italy: • Get land from Austria

Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” • Eliminate the cause of war • Promote free trade and freedom of seas • disarmament for everyone • Why would France have a problem with this? • self-determination of colonies and empires • Why would David Lloyd George have problem with this? • a League of Nations

France Punish Germany • Take some of their land • Force them to pay damages Weaken them • Be sure they had no ability to attack again • Keep France strong to defend, just in case How will this clash with Wilson’s plan?

Britain • Protect their empire • How will this clash with Wilson’s plan?

The compromise: • Wilson was willing to concede on all his principles, as long as… • There would be a LEAGUE OF NATIONS • Why would this be his fervent goal? • Why would no one else really care about it? • Which would constantly monitor the rise of one power, and talk through conflicts • All nations would join • All nations would have to agree with the findings of the League of Nations • Of course, USA never joined…

What was the agreement? 1. Germany was to be reduced in size – Surrender the Alsace and Lorraine – Allow for the Danzig Corridor 2. German military was to be shrunk to almost nonexistent – – – 100, 000 men total Modern equipment forbidden (planes, subs, tanks, artillery) Rhineland demilitarized – – – Damages for war France and Britain had HUGE debts to USA from loans $5 billion/ year – re-evaluated in 1921 Number set in 1921 to $30 billion Finally paid off in 2010 – – “war guilt clause” Germans were to accept full responsibility for starting and perpetuating war Germans were not allowed to negotiate 3. Germany was to pay reparations 4. Germany was to accept full blame – total humiliation –

Nobody liked it • Why would the French hate it? • Why would the British not really plan to support France? • Why would USA grow disinterested? • Why would Russia complain? • Ottoman Empire broken into “mandates” • Austrian Empire broken into new nations based on nationalities • Russia lost most of land signed away in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Next tragedy… Spanish Flu (1918 -1920) • 1 in four American soldiers had the influenza, carried to Europe • Spread FAST • 500 million people infected world wide (about 1/3) • Estimates are as low as 20 million • As high as 50 – 100, 000 killed by the flu • (5% of world’s population dead) • About 10 -20% mortality rate • (normal flu killed. 1%)

Oddities to Spanish Flu killed mostly healthy adults • (not children and elderly, like normal flu) • majority 20 -40 years old • only 1% over 65 • The best guess: focused on immune system – ravaged the healthy – • healthy immune system spread disease faster • 25 -75% pregnant women infected • 25% lost their babies Hit in summer and autumn months

Search for Peace and Stability during the 1920 s

The New Germany • THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC • The Kaiser had abdicated – passed power to an elected Reichstag, based in Weimar • They had to deal with MAJOR issues • What are the issues? – War guilt clause – Reparations payments – Mass strikes and unrest – A belligerent France on one side, an expanding Bolshevik (Communist) movement on the other

The New Europe France: keep Germany weak Why? How would they benefit? Britain: rebuild the German economy Why? How would the benefit? USA: you’re both dumb! Why? Where does out attitude come from? Maynard Keynes: an impoverished Germany is bad: why would he say that? • (he thought it could entice Bolshevism) • (Keynesian Economics) • France was forced to find new friends with common fears: THE LITTLE ENTENTE • •

LITTLE ENTENTE

LITTLE ENTENTE

Reparations • • • 33 Billion Gold Marks 2. 5 Billion/year Germany started to pay in 1921 Announced it was unsustainable in 1922 France insisted – why? (three reasons) – Still owed huge debts to USA – Needed $$ to repair damages – Keep Germany weak! • By 1923 – France demanded – threatened military invasion

The Ruhr Invasion • Industrial region of Germany • Weimar government ordered a general strike • France decided to isolate and starve Germany into submission • Brought in African workers • (to shame Germans) • “Black Shame” Ruhr 35 sec

Hyperinflation • German response: • (economy was paralyzed) • What would you do, if you were Mr. Weimar? • Just print more $$ • 1914: 4. 2 Reich Marks - $1 • 1921: 64 • 1923: 800 • Then… the inflation…

Click – Hyperinflation – 6 m

Hyperinflation results End value: 1 trillionth of original value (that’s one millionth) Economy collapsed Middle Class Savings erased Lower class lost everything Negotiated prices on the spot $$ not worth the paper it was printed on Chancellor Gustav Stressman – introduced a new currency: • 1 trillion Reich Marks = 1 new Rentenmark • •

Click Hyperinflation 3 m

Hope for getting along • The Dawes Plan (1924) – – Americans suggested a solution Why were they the ONLY country with the right do to so? Decrease Reparations Payments Agreed to by Allies and Germans • The Young Plan (1929) – Lower payments again – Remove supervision of Germany – Was that a good idea? • Locarno Agreements (1925) – – France and Germany agreed to new border changes France supported German entrance into League of Nations France agreed to pull out of Rhineland within five year (1930) What does this show? • Kellogg-Briand Pact

Meanwhile… back in the dark alleys of Germany… Lots of people joined fringe political groups. Bolsheviks were popular. So were extreme nationalist groups.

Hitler joined the Nazi Party • Nazis: Nationalist Socialists (extreme nationalists) • Their goal: full repudiation of Versailles • Rebuild Germany to former greatness • What’s he talking about? • In 1923 – they struck Beer Hall Putsch – 1923 1 m • Coordinated attack on local and national governments • Poorly planned and amateurishly executed • Hitler and friends arrested • How could Hitler use this [rather public] trial as a platform for his politics and popularity?

Hitler in the 1920 s Adolf thrown in jail Sentenced to five years for treason Took the time to write Mein Kampf He was released in just six months In mean time, Germany was actually improving - on road to recovery • WHY WOULD RECOVERY NOT WORK FOR HITLER? • Hitler’s team gathering a following of fringe nutty nuts on the right wing • But… US Stock Market Crash will change EVERYTHING… • • •

Economy of post war powers • France – repair of trench region and Maginot Line – put France deep in debt • Britain – massive unemployment (23% by 1921

Communism and Fascism Stalin was a “communist dictator” – all for “the people” Hitler and Mussolini were Fascist dictators – all for “the State” What do they have in common? They had the same views about: • Parliament • Use of violence and terror • censorship of media • Institutional propaganda • Government public works projects • Individualism MAKE A QUICK CHART TO SAY HOW THEY FELT ABOUT EACH

Mussolini and Fascism in Italy • Arose from a threat of Bolshevism • Fascism was a right wing single party dictatorship • Nationalistic • Keep the nation safe for the Middle Class Benito Mussolini – school teacher -> tyrannical leader • Italian politics and society – a mess! • THE BLACK SHIRTS – Fascist thugs – – – Beat up socialists By 1922 – turned to arson and murder 1922 March on Rome – Parliament resigned in protest 44 m Doc Young King Victory Emmanuel (age 22) King requested Mussolini become Prime Minister WHY WOULD THIS NEW YOUNG KING LIKE THIS NUT?

Mussolini’s Italy • • 1922 -1926 – created a new state Series of laws ended all elections Developed a cult of personality: IL DUCE! Role for women would be clear: – Stay out of work force, and have lots of kids • Promised to stabilize life – “GOT THE ITALIAN TRAINS RUNNING ON TIME! 46 m Doc • Huge public works projects • Reorganized all business: stayed private, but highly regulated – CORPORATIONS: monopolies of sections of production – 22 OF THEM IN Italy – “Chamber of Corporations” replaced Chamber of Deputies • Raised tariffs: goal – to create a self-sufficient Italy • 1935 – invaded Ethiopia – League imposed sanctions • What would be the result of these last two measures? • Economy remained stagnant; Italy became isolated

Stalin’s Russia (USSR) • It’s no longer called Russia • It’s now the UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) • “The Soviet Union” • Joseph Dzhugashvili • What did he do FOR Russian? • What did he do TO Russians? Five Year Plans: 15 m Doc • Why did so many Kulaks rebel? • What did this lead to? • How does this apply to Ukraine? • How can we feel the result today? • How successful was Stalin?

Stalin’s Russia • 400% industrial growth • Greatest growth the world had ever seen However… What was the price? • Human death rate was greater than all deaths in WWI • Government could (and would) assign families apart “for the good of the party” • Workers lived in deplorable conditions • WAS IT BETTER? • Goal: wartime footing to create a new army and society • Women had a new “equal” position in Soviet Russia

Stalin’s Russia • How was life “better”? • How did women benefit? • What were the Great Purges? • 1932 – top officials complained of the suffering of the masses and Ukraine • Stalin’s wife included • Instead of backing down… 1. Later that day, he berated her 2. Later that night, she was found dead… apparent suicide • He also revised history… actually rewrote it

The Great Purges • • • 1936 -1938 Snow trials, followed by executions Some tortured publically 8 million arrested Millions executed Millions sent to forced labor camps 1. 5 million new government workers What was the result of all this? By 1941 – half of the party had been replaced Created hysteria No one really knows his reasoning

Rise of Hitler

Collapse of the German Economy • What effect the USA have on the collapse of ther German economy? • American Great Depression hit Germany HARD • Loans dried up • Americans stopped buying German products • Unemployment doubled (to 6 million) • By 1930 - Chancellor Heinrich Bruning desperate – – – Convinced Pres. Hindenburg to enact Article 48 – Why? Allowed him to rule by decree Dissolved Parliament Passed austere measures Did it help? Unfortunately – only intensified German depression

Collapse of the German Economy • • How did Hitler, the politician fit into this? Hitler reemerged… with answers He promised economic and political salvation What did that mean? Started working the electorate By 1930 – Nazis had won 6 million votes By 1932 – Nazis won another 4 million (38%) – Largest political party in the Reichstag • SA growing in size and popularity – 100, 000 members by 1930 – 1 million by 1933 – Openly attacked Socialists & communists at their mass rallies – were anti-government, pro-Radical

Chancellor and President • • • Hitler was becoming a name in politics Nation seemed to support his promises And tolerated his Nazi’s thug tactics Why? – explain… He ran for President against the popular Hindenburg – won 36% - why will this matter? President’s chief political job is hiring Chancellor (like a Bolshevik Supreme Communist Party Sec. ) Hitler demanded Hindenburg appoint him Chancellor Explain why, and why he can… Politicians thought they could control Hitler; pressured Hindenburg to appoint him 1933 – Hindenburg reluctantly agreed

Hitler was appointed Chancellor • • So, that’s it. Hitler came to power legally But, the story does not end there How did he get to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Come to eliminate all other parties? Come to eliminate all elections? Become even more popular? Able to shift from popular politician, to feared and supported dictator? • Why were the Germans willing to freely and legally surrender all power to one man?

Enabling Act • Upon Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor, he called for immediate elections – totally legal • During election, Reichstag building caught fire • Hitler requested Article 48 – government was under attack! • Investigation showed it was the Communists and Socialists to started fire – most were arrested • Hitler suggested a new law, extending Article 48 for four years – called the ENABLING ACT

Night of the Long Knives • Why would Hitler want to eliminate the SA? • Only opposition now was the well trained antigovernment thugs: the SA • Next step: Hitler’s version of the purge called… NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES • June, 1933 – night of elimination of last opposition group • Hitler’s bodyguard (SS), sworn to protect Hitler to the death carried out murders • In a single night, 1000 leaders were murdered • SS and Gestapo had overlapping duties

Political leader to “The Fuhrer” • Pres. Hindenburg died in 1934 • Hitler suggested combining the offices for convenience until new election. – why? For what reason? • Consolidation of power was complete • Next step: elimination of all opposition parties • Then, elimination of all elected government • Transformation of German government was complete • Next step? • Transformation of economy and society

Nazification of German Society • Public book burnings – ideologies opposed to Nazism • Hitler Youth (HJ) – Goal: indoctrinate institutional racism • Massive rallies – Goal: create an aura of awe and unity • Huge Public works projects – Created full employment and stable economy • Public recognition of Nazi style heroes – Ex: Bronze Cross of the Mothers of the Fatherland – Presented to women with four kids – Hitler encouraged strong family values

Hitler’s Henchmen • Dr. Joseph Goebbels • Propaganda minister • Heinrich Himmler • Leader of SS and Gestapo • Herman Goring • Head of newly formed Luftwaffe

SA (storm troopers) SA wear brown uniforms. They were formed to promote Nazism with “thug” tactics, and to fight the Socialists and the established government. The SA was often called a beater troop. In the 20's other-thinking people (like socialists) were brutally beat by the SA. The SA leader was Ernst Roehm, had own plans to build up the SA to replace the militia, which could have been dangerous for Hitler. On June 30, 1934, the Night of the Long Knives, Roehm and 1000 other leading SA men were killed. The remaining SA dispersed, or became absorbed into the massively growing SS.

The SS (Schutzstaffel) was formed in 1925 from the"Stosstrupp Hitler, " founded in 1923 as the bodyguard for Hitler. This group wore black uniforms, and after 1933, they eclipsed the SA and assumed the position of body guard. They were highly disciplined and did everything what Adolf Hitler wanted. The SS was even more brutal than the SA, but more systematic, and not just to Socialists or established government. The boss of the SS was Heinrich Himmler, later responsible for the concentration camps. At the end of the Second World War the SS had shrunk in size to about 900, 000 members.

The Gestapo The state secret police. Formed by Hermann Goring in 1933, leadership was transferred to Heinrich Himmler in 1934, and Goring formed and led the Luftwaffe, the elite German Air force. From its creation in 1933 until its death in May 1945, anyone living in Nazi controlled territory lived in fear of a visit from the Gestapo.

Hitler prepares for war • Factories encouraged to produce war machines – first repudiation of Versailles • 1933 – Germany dropped out of League of Nations – stepped up repudiation • Germans then dropped out of disarmament talks – continued to build army • Why did nobody do anything? • Construction of Autobahn system • By 1938 – German unemployment below 2% • As American unemployment shot back up to all time high • Germans suffered a worker shortage

Hitler continues to prepare for war • Germany created Luftwaffe • Germany started building new style of tanks and planes and bombers • Germany shifted troops around • Then, Germany militarized the Rhineland (1936) • France built up the Maginot Line • Why did no Germans try to stop him? • Why did USA and Britain ignore developments? • What was happening in Russia?

Jewish Persecution • Dachau Concentration camp built in 1934 – became model – still there… • Hitler promised to eliminate all undesirables to protect society • Does America have a history of this? • Legalized elimination of rights for Jews • Nuremburg Laws (1934) • Jews denied full citizenship rights • Kristallnacht (night of the Broken Glass) (1938) • Holocaust – the “final solution” to the Jewish question – why? • Dachau became model for camps all over Germany, then Europe

“Master Race” • Hitler created measurements for desirables and undesirables – why do you think he was so precise? • And recorded all actions with enormous attention to detail… why do you think he did that? • Combine the two questions… analyze history… • Women were encouraged to “breed” • Loans and tax breaks to those who married young; child allowances • Jews, Slavs and Gypsies considered inferior by Nazis – why them? • Look at the total % of Germans • Unhealthy, mentally challenged, physically impaired all considered less than desirable

War Clouds - 1936 • Hitler had been in power 3 years • Military now more powerful than any in the world • Ready to fully denounce Versailles Treaty 1. Sent troops into Rhineland 2. Sent Luftwaffe to Spain to aid Fascists 3. Formed military alliance with Italy 4. Annexed Austria (ANSCHLUSS) (bullied Aust. Leaders) • Spanish Civil War – practice for Luftwaffe and the new German war machine - 1936 • Hitler and Mussolini formed an alliance (1936) • Japan joined alliance in an anti-Com. Intern Pact • How was Spain good for Germany?

British policy of Appeasement • It became obvious that Hitler had fully rebuilt German economy, society, military • By 1938, Germany had reclaimed leadership in Europe • No one was willing or able to stand in Hitler’s way. Neville Chamberlain is best symbol • After German annexation of Czechoslovakia, British took a stand…

Case: Czechoslovakia • A newly created nation from Austrian Empire • A democratic, capitalistic nation • Western Frontier ring was called Sudetenland – Buffer around nation – Only protection – Heavily armed – Also, filled with Germans, loyal to Hitler (3. 5 mil) – Hitler claimed to want to protect Sudeten Germans • Hitler first claimed right to annex Sudetenland • Their protective frontier was erased • Then, marched into Prague (Mar, 1939, 6 mo later), unopposed… and just took over Czechoslovakia • Why were they not stopped?

Appeasement • Give an argument for giving in to Hitler. • Give an argument against it. • British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was proud to appease Hitler • “peace with honor” • “peace for our time” • Flew to Berlin 3 x – got Hitler’s signature • In return, Britain had to allow for annexation of Czechoslovakia • Czechs were not even a part of discussion • Why were people so damn happy about this agreement? ! 1. 5 m

Alliances • 1936 – The Anschluss • 1939 – Russian-German non-aggression pact • 1939 – Rome-Berlin Axis

10 mistakes by Hitler (15 m) • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=GK 419 Nl p 8 e. U Repudiation of Versailles • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=jwpbp_JYzk

Dictators, heroes and weirdos Name the leaders of this era • Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler • Il Duce, The Furer, Man of Steel • Brown Shirts, Black Shirts, SA • Nicholas II , Lenin, Kerensky and Rasputin • Orlando, Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Wilson • William II, Bismarck, Nicholas II, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip Process the leadership 1. Name the category 2. Choose the “best” at each category; why?