Why Feed Performance Trace Minerals To Poultry FEED

Why Feed Performance Trace Minerals® To Poultry? !

FEED Energy Protein Minerals Vitamins Water Fibers Trace Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Cr, Se, I, Fe Other Minerals Oxides, Sulfates, Chlorides, Carbonates, Selenite Acetates, Proteinates, Glycinates , Propionates, Butyrates, CG - 245 Polysaccharides Macro P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, Ca, S Performance Minerals ZPM

IMPACT OF STATUS Impact Of Trace Mineral Status On Biological Function Trace Mineral Status Decreasing Status Increasing Status Immunity & Enzyme Function Maximum Production/Reproduction NRC Req Normal Production/Reproduction Deficiency Optimal Subclinical Clinical Time Stat - 1 NRC Req Subclinical Optimal

WHY IS ZINC IMPORTANT? Reproduction > 230 Enzymes Eggshell and Membrane Skin and FP Integrity Immune Function Gut Morphology

WHY IS MANGANESE IMPORTANT? Reproductive Function Disease Resistance Metabolism of Carbohydrates Wound healing Bone , Joint, Cartilage Integrity

WHY IS COPPER IMPORTANT? Disease Resistance Enzyme Constituent & Activation Eggshell Strength Bone and Conn. Tissues

WHY IS SELENIUM IMPORTANT? WMD Prevention Antioxidant GSH-PX Reduce drip loss, and increase freshness Disease Resistance

TRACE MINERALS INTERACTIONS Trace Mineral Interactions Key Interactions Cl P S K Zn Co F As Fe Fe Zn Se Mg Ca Na I Mo PT - 79 Mn Cu Ca Cu, Ca, Fe Zn, Cu, Mn Zn, Cu

Trace Minerals Interactions Effect Of Dietary Calcium On Copper Retention Cu Retention ppm Feed 10 What about broiler breeder diets with 3+% Ca? 7. 5 15. 2 p 5 2. 5 7. 6 0 pm pp m Cu d Cu iet die t -4 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 % Ca Content of Diet PG - 160 Adapted from Kirchgessner & Grassmann, 1970 1. 0

Trace Minerals Antagonists In Poultry Diets § Fibers § Myco-toxins § Toxin binders § Calcium (Ca) § Clay § Phytates (Phytic acid / antioxidant compounds found in whole grain) m. PG - 96

TRACE MINERAL ABSORPTION The 3 Outcomes for Inorganic Minerals

TRACE MINERAL ABSORPTION Outcome 1. Excretion Ingested Zn+2 Gut Wall Blood CB - 50

TRACE MINERAL ABSORPTION Outcome 2. Excretion Ingested Zn Zn+2 Gut Wall Blood CB - 50 Antagonist

TRACE MINERAL ABSORPTION Outcome 3. Natural Success Zn Ingested Zn Zn Mineral Transporter Absorption CB - 50

TRACE MINERAL ABSORPTION Proposed Theory Of Trace Mineral Absorption Zn+2 Ingested Zn Not Absorbed Zn+2 AA Zn+2 Trace Mineral Transporter Amino Acid Transporter AA Zn m. CB - 50. 3 Not Absorbed Antagonist Small Intestine Absorption

BIOAVAILABILITY OF ZPM Bioavailabilitya Of Zinc From Zinc Oxide RELATIVE TO ZINC SULFATE IN CORN-SBM DIET Relative Value 125 100 z 100 75 61 y 50 a yz CB - 9 Zn. O Zn. SO 4 Bioavailability estimated using multiple regression analyses of total tibia Zn in chicks; Zn. SO 4 set to 100 Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 01 Wedekind et al. , 1992. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 178 -187

Bioavailabilitya Of Zinc From Availa®Zn RELATIVE TO ZINC SULFATE IN EUROPEAN DIET 225 Relative Value 193 150 100 75 0 Zn. SO 4 a Availa®Zn Bioavailability estimated using multiple regression analyses of tibia ash Zn content in chicks; Zn. SO 4 set to 100

DIFFERENTIATION OF PROTEIN-BASED ORGANIC TRACE MINERALS Stability Constant Of Organic Trace Minerals RELATIVE TO LIGAND SIZE Relative Stability Constant, % 125 100 75 50 25 0 Amino Acid Z CPX - 30 Dipeptide Tripeptide Peptide (4 AA) Peptide (5 AA)

FORMULATION STRATEGY Performance Effect Of Trace Mineral Source And Level On Animal Performance ZPM Inorganic Increasing Trace Mineral Level CB - 41

Poultry Technical Update

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Performance Trace Minerals® § Consistent and Repeated Data across poultry species on • Skin strength and Caracas quality • Improve Immune response • Increase weight gain • Improve feed conversion • Intestinal Integrity and elasticity • Less pododermatitis (feet lesion)

PERFORMANCE Trace MINERALS 5 R BW Gain

BROILER SUMMARY Body Weightz: grams Difference vs Controls Availa-Zn®a Difference vs Controls, g 200 188 150 111 100 88 94 79 69 72 62 50 40 17 10 0 1 45 40 1 2 3 4 0 5 6 7 8 9 9 7 45 9 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 AVG Data Set Control plus 40 ppm Zn from Availa-Zn (except trials 10 -14, 16, 18 and 20 where 40 ppm Zn from sulfate was replaced by Zn from Availa-Zn) z Average response from Availa-Zn not statistically analyzed a 57

PERFORMANCE Trace MINERALS 5 R Feed Gain (FCR)

BROILER SUMMARY Feed/Gain (Equalized to Body Weight of Controls)az: Point Difference vs Controls Availa®Znbc 0 -2 -4 -1. 5 -2. 8 -1. 3 -2. 4 -3. 7 -4. 0 -3. 8 -3. 6 -4. 2 -4. 4 -4. 8 -6 -0. 6 -0. 2 -0. 4 -1. 0 -3. 4 -3. 6 -3. 8 -8 -3. 9 -4. 3 -7. 7 -10 -12 -14 -11. 8 -12. 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Data Set b a 7 points body weight to 1 point feed conversion (0. 032 kg body weight = 0. 01 in feed conversion) Control plus 40 ppm Zn from Availa-Zn (except trials 10 -14, 16, 18 and 20 where 40 ppm Zn from sulfate was replaced by Zn from Availa-Zn) c Average body weight for the 22 trials was 2. 84 kg z Average response from Availa-Zn differs from control, P < 0. 0001 19 20 21 22 AVG

PERFORMANCE TRACE MINERALS 5 R Footpads (Podo-dermatitis)

AVAILA-Zn ON CARCASS DEFECTS - SRUC Pododermatitis Scoring System (0) Nonea a b c PB - 838 (1) Mildb (2) Severec No lesion: No lesion and the skin of the foot pad feels soft to the touch and no swelling Mild: Mild lesion, discoloration of the foot pad, superficial lesion, dark papillae Severe: Severe lesion, ulcers or scabs, signs of hemorrhages or swollen food pad and more than half the foot pad covered by necrotic cells

AVAILA-Zn AND HUBBARD ULTRA YIELD BROILERS – CQR Effects Of Availa®Zna On Broiler Footpad Lesion Scoreb 0. 7500000001 0. 8 0. 57 Score 0. 6300000001 Sulfatec Availa-Znd 0. 44 0. 2 0. 0 Male a b c PB - 308 d Female Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex 0 to 3 score: 0=normal, 1=pad burn, 2=pad scab, 3=Open sore; all birds in all pens were scored on d 44 100 ppm Zn from Zn. SO 4 Availa-Zn provided 40 ppm Zn in addition to Zn. SO 4

BROILER SUMMARY Impact Of Zinpro Performance Minerals® Zinc On Paw Lesion Related Measurementsa % IMPROVEMENT OVER SULFATEz 100 % Improvement 75 50 37. 4 25 0 -25 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 Data Set a PB - 57. 2 z Data set 1 to 3 = Sellable Paws; 4 to 16 = Lesion Scores; 20 to 25 = Grades Average response from Zinpro Performance Minerals differs from sulfate, P < 0. 0001 20 21 22 23 24 25 Avg

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Skin Strength

AVAILA-Zn ON CARCASS DEFECTS - SRUC Skin Integrity Score a b c PB - 851 d Score 0 a Score 1 b Score 2 c Score 3 d 0: Keratinized layer (epidermis) still present; Good tensile skin; Normal thickness; No skin scratches; No skin ruptures; No dermatitis; No cellulitis; Normal skin color 1: Superficial scratches in skin; Thin skin layer; Missing keratinized skin parts; Signs of drip loss 2: Small sized open skin rupture < 4 cm; Open skin scratch; Absence of keratinized layer; Serious drip loss; Small sized dermatitis 3: Extensive skin rupture on hips, thigh, breast and/or backside; Extensive dermatitis; Extensive subcutaneous dermatitis; Damaged breast muscles in plucker

POULTRY GENERAL PG - 3

CELLULITIS IN BROILERS PG - 202

Impact Of Zinpro Performance Minerals® On Skin Strength Related Measurements Improvement Over Control, % 90 77. 5 80 69. 3 70 60 50 44. 4 38. 9 40 38. 4 27. 9 30 23. 2 z 20 7. 4 10 9. 8 10. 5 2. 6 5. 5 16 17 14. 9 8. 3 3. 2 4. 1 0 8 13 14 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 AVG Data Set 8 13 14 16 17 19 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Trial 3 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 7 7 7 ZPM Zinca 2 4 2 4 4 2 Criteriab 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 2 2 2 a b PB - 493 z 2 = zinc amino acid complex on top; 4 = zinc amino acid complex Iso; all zinc supplemented at 40 ppm 1 = Total skin tears and scratches greater than 6 mm; 2 = Strength; 3 = Displacement; 4 = Energy at break point; 5 = Sores Scabs Scratches (SSS) at back; 6 = SSS at thigh; 7 = Grade Average response from Zinpro Performance Minerals, P < 0. 0008

TRACE MINERALS FOR LAYING HENS Effect Of Vitamin E And Availa®Zna On The Severity And Incidence Of Cellulitisb 70 No Lesions Mild Lesions Moderate Lesions Severe Lesions All Lesions 60 % of Birds 50 40 30 20 10 0 Controlc a b c d PG - 116 Vitamin E Availa-Znd Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex A dermal scratch procedure was used to elicit cellulitis Zinc from zinc sulfate source Control + 40 ppm zinc from Availa-Zn Downs, et al. , 2000. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 9: 319 -323 Vitamin E + Availa-Zn

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS IN BROILER DIETS – PARC Skin Lesion Score Breakout (%) 1991 (40 D) Treatments 0 1 2 3 4 5 Average Lesion Score Control 14 25 26 20 9 6 2. 00 z 20/20 a 47 33 11 6 2 30/30 49 37 12 1 40/40 53 36 11 Iso-Zn and -Mnb 34 31 14 0. 84 x 0. 66 wx 0. 58 w 11 6 3 1. 31 y 0 to 5: Total skin tears and/or scratches greater than 6 mm in length Ex: 20/20 = ZINPRO® zinc methionine (20 ppm Zn) and MANPRO® manganese methionine (20 ppm Mn) Iso-Zn and -Mn treatment also iso-methionine to 40/40 wxyz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 a b PB - 19

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Intestinal Strength

BROILER INTESTINAL LESION STUDY – CQR Effect Of Zinpro Performance Minerals® During An Coccidia Challenge INTESTINAL LESIONS – NATURAL EXPOSURE Intestinal Lesion Scorea 6 5 z Anticoccidial removed 4 Controlb ZINPRO®c y Zin. PLEX®d y 3 2 Availa®Zne z x yz y y 1 0 d 35 a b c d e xyz PB - 67 d 42 d 49 According to Johnson and Reid, 1970; Data given as sum of lesion scores for 4 sections of the intestine (upper, middle, lower and ceca) Zinc sulfate (40 ppm Zn) ZINPRO zinc methionine (40 ppm Zn) Zin. PLEX: ZINPRO zinc methionine (20 ppm Zn) and Ly. Zin® zinc lysine (20 ppm Zn) Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex (40 ppm Zn) Within day, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Rapp et al. , Proceedings Eur. Symp. Poultry Nutr. , Oct 2001, Blankenberge, Belgium

FUNCTIONS OF TRACE MINERALS Why better Footpads/Skin/Intestine? § Primary functions of ZINC • Protein synthesis • Nucleic acid metabolism • Epithelial tissue integrity • Cell repair and division CTM - 13

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Broiler Breeders

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Benefits Of Zinpro Performance Minerals® For Broiler Breeders (ZMC) Photo courtesy of Dr Jeanna Wilson, University of Georgia PG - 123

Footpad Quality PG - 134 Photo courtesy of Dr Jeanna Wilson, University of Georgia

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Effect Of Zinpro Zinc On Footpad Lesions FEMALE Treatment Controlb 1. 70 y ZINPRO®c 1. 26 z Ly. Zin®d 1. 24 z ZINPRO/Ly. Zine 1. 30 z a b c d e yz PG - 135 Footpad Lesion Scorea Score: 0 = no lesion, 1 = lesions of <7. 5 mm, 2 = lesions of >7. 5 mm in diameter 55 ppm Zn from Zn. O Control + 40 ppm Zn from ZINPRO zinc methionine Control + 40 ppm Zn from Ly. Zin zinc lysine Control + 20 ppm Zn from Zn. Met and 20 ppm Zn from Zn. Lys Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Hess et al. , 2001 J Appl. Anim. Res. 19: 49 -60

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Lame Roosters Don’t Mate! Photo courtesy of Dr Jeanna Wilson, University of Georgia PG - 136

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Lameness Decreases Broiler Breeder Production § Lame breeders have decreased ability to: • Eat • Drink • Breed § Roosters and hens are affected PG - 137

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Relative Performance Of Broiler Breeders Over Time Relative Performance Duration of Fertility Sperm Cell Demand Sperm Production Mating Efficiency 32 Weeks 60 Weeks Age of Breeder PG - 144 Managing Broiler Breeders for Maximum Fertility, Dr Mc. Daniel, World Poultry: Special 2000

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Effects Of Zinc On Semen Quality § Essential nutrient for proper sperm production § Zinc deficiency may result in lowered testosterone levels PG - 145 Photo courtesy of Zinpro Corporation

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Effect Of Zinpro Performance Minerals® On Sperm Quality 300 Sperm Million/m. L 250 200 193 y 207 z 150 100 50 0 Sulfatesa a b PG - 149 yz ZPMb All diets contained 200 ppm Zn, 30 ppm Mn, 30 ppm Cu and 200 ppm Fe Trace mineral complexes added to replace sulfates: 40 ppm Zn from Zin. Plex (ZINPRO® zinc methionine and ZINPRO zinc lysine), 20 ppm Mn from MANPRO® manganese methionine, 25 ppm Cu from Cu. PLEX® copper lysine and 20 ppm Fe from METH • IRON® ferric methionine Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Effect Of Zinpro Performance Minerals® On Broiler Breeder Performance Treatmentsa Control 78 Zn. O 83 ZINPRO®b 85 Zn levels: 72 ppm in Control, 152 ppm in Zn. O, 152 ppm in zinc complex treatment groups Zn from zinc complex added at 80 ppm; Each treatment mean is the average of 540 eggs collected from broiler breeder hens at 50, 54, and 56 weeks of age; Treatments began at 41 weeks of age b ZINPRO zinc methionine Kidd et al. 1992 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 1: 207 -211 a PG - 153 Fertility, %

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Chicks

THAILAND BROILER BREEDER Effect Of Availa®Zna And Availa®Mnb On Chicks Per Henc 20 TO 65 WEEKS OF AGE 140 Chicks Per Hen 114 y 120 z 105 70 35 0 Control 0 -75/0 -90 d a b c d e yz PBB - 13 Availa-Zn 40 -60/ Availa-Mn 40 -60 e Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex Cobb 500 genetic line; treatments applied from hatch Zn. O (75 ppm Zn) and Mn. SO 4 (90 ppm Mn) Availa-Zn (40 ppm Zn) + Zn. O (60 ppm Zn) and Availa-Mn (40 ppm Mn) + Mn. SO 4 (60 ppm Mn) Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Khajarern et al. , 2002. Poult. Sci. 81: 40 (Abstr. )

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA – BROILER BREEDER Cumulative Chick Production Chicks Per Hen-Housed 120 106. 4 yz 108. 7 z 100 80 60 Zn. SO 4 a a c yz PBB - 47 Zn. SO 4 (160 ppm Zn) Availa-Zn (80 ppm Zn) and Zn. SO 4 (80 ppm Zn) Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Availa-Zn + Zn. SO 4 c

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Egg Production

THAILAND BROILER BREEDER Effect Of Availa®Zna And Availa®Mnb On Egg Productionc 20 TO 65 WEEKS OF AGE 200 Eggs Per Hen 160 157 y 164 z Control 0 -75/0 -90 d Availa-Zn 40 -60/ Availa-Mn 40 -60 e 120 80 40 0 a b c d e yz PBB - 8 Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex Cobb 500 genetic line; treatments applied from hatch Zn. O (75 ppm Zn) and Mn. SO 4 (90 ppm Mn) Availa-Zn (40 ppm Zn) + Zn. O (60 ppm Zn) and Availa-Mn (40 ppm Mn) + Mn. SO 4 (60 ppm Mn) Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 10 Khajarern et al. , 2002. Poult. Sci 81: 40 (Abstr. )

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Maternal Carry-Over Effects

Effect Of Availa®Zna And Availa®Mnb On Chick Qualityc Performance Characteristics Control 0 -75/0 -90 d Availa-Zn 40 -60 e Availa-Mn

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY Effect Of ZINPRO®a On Progeny When Feeding The Broiler Breeder Hen Bone Dry Weight (g)b Zinc Content (µg/g Dry Bone)b Toe Web Swelling PHA-P (mm)c Control 0. 075 x 191. 31 0. 813 z Zn. O 0. 075 x 191. 13 0. 758 z ZINPRO 0. 078 w 210. 50 1. 067 y Treatments a b c wx yz PBB - 53 ZINPRO zinc methionine Control = 72 ppm Zn from Zn. O, Zn. O = Control + 80 ppm Zn from Zn. O, Zinc complex = Control + 80 ppm Zn from zinc complex Control = 78 ppm Zn from Zn. O, Zn. O = Control + 40 ppm Zn from Zn. O, Zinc complex = Control + 40 ppm from Zn from zinc complex Within a column, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Within a column, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 0001 Kidd et al. 1992 Poultry Sci. 71: 1201 -1206; 1993 Poultry Sci. 72: 1492 -1499

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Effect Of Availa®Zna And Availa®Mnb On Progeny Livabilityc Livability, % 100 yz y y Controld Zn. SO 4 + Mn. SO 4 e z 98 96 94 a b c d e f g yz PG - 167 Availa-Zn + Mn. SO 4 f Availa-Zn + Availa-Mng Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex Cobb X Cobb broilers from 0 to 17 days of age; 37 -wk-old hens fed treatment diets beginning at 21 weeks of age Control = 75 ppm Zn as Zn. SO 4 and 83 ppm Mn as Mn. SO 4 Control + 75 ppm Zn from Zn. SO 4 and 80 ppm Mn from Mn. SO 4 Control + 75 ppm Zn from Availa-Zn and 80 ppm Mn from Availa-Mn Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Virden et al. , 2002 Poultry Sci. 81: (In press)

Eggshell Quality

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS EGG FORMATION TRACT Zinc FUNCTION IN THE LAYING PROCESS Isthmus Uterus PG - 158 Zinc is a cofactor of keratinase and carbonic anhydrase, that play a role in the formation of egg membrane and shell function (isthmus and uterus)

BENEFITS OF ZPM FOR BROILER BREEDERS Eggshell Quality Comparison Weak Shell Matrix PG - 159 Strong Shell Matrix

UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL – BROILER BREEDER Eggshell Quality 35 TO 65 WKa Treatment Eggshell Egg Wt, g % Specific Gravity, g/m. L Eggshell Discard Thicknessb, Eggsc, µm % Sulfatesd 70. 37 8. 96 y 1. 0852 382. 09 y 2. 65 Availa®ZMCe Isof 70. 68 9. 10 z 1. 0852 384. 82 z 2. 42 Availa-ZMC On 70. 20 9. 17 z 1. 0858 385. 83 z 2. 44 0. 48 0. 02 0. 16 0. 04 0. 39 Topg P value Data were the mean of the period Average of 5 eggs per replicate; each thickness was measured 3 times at the shell’s equator c Deformities and cracks d 100 ppm Zn from Zn. SO , 100 ppm Mn from Mn. SO and 10 ppm Cu from Cu. SO 4 4 4 e Availa-ZMC: Availa®Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa®Mn manganese amino acid complex and Availa®Cu copper amino acid complex f Availa-ZMC replaced 40, 40 and 7 ppm of Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively, from sulfates g Availa-ZMC supplied 40, 40 and 7 ppm of Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively, in addition to sulfates yz Within a column, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 a b PBB - 64

Eggshell Breaking Strength, N Effect Of Availa®Zna and Availa®Mnb On Eggshell Breaking Strength In Layers 40 38. 3 z 38 37. 2 yz 37. 1 yz 50 Zn/50 Mn 36. 6 y 37. 1 yz 37. 2 yz 100 Zn/0 Mn 0 Zn/100 Mn 100 Zn/100 Mn 35. 8 y 36 34 0 Zn/0 Mn 50 Zn/0 Mn 0 Zn/50 Mn Zn. O, ppm Zn 30 15 - 30 - Av-Zn, ppm Zn - 15 30 - 30 Mn. O, ppm Mn 50 50 25 25 50 - - 25 25 - 50 50 Av-Mn, ppm Mn Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex yz Means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 a b Swiatkiewicz and Koreleski, Veterinari Medicina, 53, 2008 (10): 555 -563.

UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL – BROILER BREEDER Eggshell Quality 35 TO 65 WKa Percentage Shell Wtb 9. 5 9. 10 z 8. 96 y 9. 17 z 8. 5 Shell Thicknessc, µm 400 382 y 385 z 386 z 350 7. 5 300 6. 5 250 5. 5 4. 5 200 Sulfatesd Isof Sulfates Iso Data were the mean of the period Average of 5 eggs per replicate c Each thickness was measured 3 times at the shell’s equator d 100 ppm Zn from Zn. SO , 100 ppm Mn from Mn. SO and 10 ppm Cu from Cu. SO 4 4 4 e Availa-ZMC: Availa®Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa®Mn manganese amino acid complex and Availa®Cu copper amino acid complex f Availa-ZMC replaced 40, 40 and 7 ppm of Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively, from sulfates g Availa-ZMC supplied 40, 40 and 7 ppm of Zn, Mn and Cu, respectively, in addition to sulfates yz Within a category, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 a b PBB - 66 Availa®ZMCe Availa-ZMC On Topg Availa-ZMC On Top

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Immune Response

DISAPPEARANCE OF TURKEY BLOOD E. coli – CQR Number of E. coli, log (cfu/m. L) Effect Of Availa®Zna On 21 d Old Female Turkey Blood E. coli Disappearance 7 6 z Sulfateb 5 Availa-Znc y 4 z y 3 2 1 0 0 20 40 60 90 Minutes Post-Inoculation a b c y PT - 179 z Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex 100 ppm Zn Availa-Zn supplied 40 ppm Zn on top of Zn. SO 4 Within each post-inoculation time, P < 0. 07 Within each post-inoculation time, P < 0. 13 120 180

Macrophage Phagocytic Response 8 4 -Week-Old Tom Turkeys # SRBC/Mc z 6 Zn. SO 4/Mn. SO 4 ZINPRO®a/MANPRO®b y 4 y 2 z 0 Opsonized SRBC a b c yz PT - 10. 2 ZINPRO zinc methionine (40 ppm Zn) MANPRO manganese methionine (40 ppm Mn) SRBC/M: sheep red blood cells per macrophage Within SRBC type, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Ferket, 1991 Unopsonized SRBC

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY Effect Of ZINPRO®a On Progeny When Feeding The Broiler Breeder Hen Bone Dry Weight (g)b Zinc Content (µg/g Dry Bone)b Toe Web Swelling PHA-P (mm)c Control 0. 075 x 191. 31 0. 813 z Zn. O 0. 075 x 191. 13 0. 758 z ZINPRO 0. 078 w 210. 50 1. 067 y Treatments a b c wx yz PBB - 53 ZINPRO zinc methionine Control = 72 ppm Zn from Zn. O, Zn. O = Control + 80 ppm Zn from Zn. O, Zinc complex = Control + 80 ppm Zn from zinc complex Control = 78 ppm Zn from Zn. O, Zn. O = Control + 40 ppm Zn from Zn. O, Zinc complex = Control + 40 ppm from Zn from zinc complex Within a column, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Within a column, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 0001 Kidd et al. 1992 Poultry Sci. 71: 1201 -1206; 1993 Poultry Sci. 72: 1492 -1499

THAILAND BROILER BREEDER Effect Of Availa®Zna And Availa®Mnb On Humoral Immune Responsec Control 0 -75/0 -90 d ND HI Titerse 10. 0 7. 5 z 5. 0 y Availa-Zn 40 -60/Availa-Mn 40 -60 e z y 2. 5 0. 0 4 8 12 16 20 28 Weeks of Age a b c d e f yz PBB - 16 Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex Cobb 500 genetic line; treatments applied from hatch; data are means of 25 randomly selected hens per treatment per bleeding interval Zn. O (75 ppm Zn) and Mn. SO 4 (90 ppm Mn) Availa-Zn (40 ppm Zn) + Zn. O (60 ppm Zn) and Availa-Mn (40 ppm Mn) + Mn. SO 4 (60 ppm Mn) ND = Newcastle disease; HI = hemagglutination inhibition; Vaccination schedule: 7, 24, 56, 84, 106, 140 and 196 days of age and every 56 days thereafter Within a week, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Khajarern et al. , 2002. Poult. Sci. 81: 40 (Abstr. ) 34

THAILAND BROILER BREEDER Effect Of Availa®Zna And Availa®Mnb On Humoral Immune Responsec Control 0 -75/0 -90 d Availa-Zn 40 -60/Availa-Mn 40 -60 e IBDf ELISA Titers 10100 7600 z 5100 z y 2600 z y y 100 4 8 12 16 20 28 Weeks of Age a b c d e f yz PBB - 17 Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex Cobb 500 genetic line; treatments applied from hatch; data are means of 12 randomly selected hens per treatment per bleeding interval Zn. O (75 ppm Zn) and Mn. SO 4 (90 ppm Mn) Availa-Zn (40 ppm Zn) + Zn. O (60 ppm Zn) and Availa-Mn (40 ppm Mn) + Mn. SO 4 (60 ppm Mn) IBD = infectious bursal disease; Vaccination schedule: 18, 28 and 140 days of age Within a week, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Khajarern et al. , 2002. Poult. Sci. 81: 40 (Abstr. ) 34

THAILAND BROILER BREEDER Effect Of Availa®Zna And Availa®Mnb On Humoral Immune Responsec Availa-Zn 40 -60/ Availa-Mn 40 -60 e Control 0 -75/0 -90 d 4 a b c d e f wx yz PBB - 18 8 12 16 20 28 Availa-Zn zinc amino acid complex Availa-Mn manganese amino acid complex Cobb 500 genetic line; treatments applied from hatch; data are means of 12 randomly selected hens per treatment per bleeding interval Zn. O (75 ppm Zn) and Mn. SO 4 (90 ppm Mn) Availa-Zn (40 ppm Zn) + Zn. O (60 ppm Zn) and Availa-Mn (40 ppm Mn) + Mn. SO 4 (60 ppm Mn) IB = infectious bronchitis; Vaccination schedule: 7, 24, 56, 84, 106, 140 and 196 d of age and every 56 d thereafter Within a week, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 10 Within a week, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0. 05 Khajarern et al. , 2002. Poult. Sci. 81: 40 (Abstr. ) 34

ZINPRO PERFORMANCE MINERALS 5 R Zinpro Performance Minerals® § Consistent and repeated data in broiler breeders and layers on • Increased egg production • Feed conversion • Shell quality advantage • Maternal carry-over that benefits the progeny • Immunity

Thank You www. zinpro. com CC - 2

Questions? www. zinpro. com CC - 2