The Visualization of Financial Data A review of

The Visualization of Financial Data A review of information visualization tools in the financial data domain by Brian Sylvester LIS 544 Spring 2008

Definitions of Financial Data § “A time series of price and volume values for a wide array of assets” (Roberts, 2004, pp. 17) § “Financial information can be characterized with the following attributes: large amount, multi-dimensional and abstract nature, complex information structure, hidden information” (Lux, 1998, pp. 58) § Tools looked at dealt with two areas of financial information – Personal, Corporate or Global Finance, and the Stock Market

Clusters of Tools 23 tools were examined, either in the form of promotional ads / demonstrations, documentation, or the tools themselves. Four clusters were identified, along with a fifth group of tools which defied classification.

Cluster #1: Charting Tools in the Charting Tools cluster: Expensr (https: //www. expensr. com/app. php) Finesse (http: //ieeexplore. ieee. org/iel 3/4136/12180/00559222. pdf) Graph. Wise (http: //www. graphwise. com/) Grisbi Graphs (http: //grisbi. weasel. nl/) Share Cracker (http: //share-cracker. roland-waddilove. qarchive. org/) Spot. Fire (http: //spotfire. tibco. com/solutions/index. cfm) Visual. Calc (http: //www. visualcalc. com/products_cnstl_fc. htm) Web. FOCUS (http: //www. informationbuilders. com/products/webfocus/data_visuali zation. html) Wire. Vis (http: //www. viscenter. uncc. edu/Technical. Reports/CVC-UNCC 07 -13. pdf)

Characteristics of Charting Tools Charting software is easily the largest cluster of tools which deal with financial information. It refers to tools which generate almost any sort of chart: tables, bar graphs, vertical and horizontal line graphs, time lines, or pie charts. Most use multiple charts in linked displays to show relations and trends.

Model Charting Tool: Spotfire http: //spotfire. tibco. com/demos/financial/attri bution. cfm - Please take a moment to watch this short video about Spot. Fire

IV Toolbox for Spot Fire On the whole, chart making tools do not utilize preattentive features beyond using color and size, as in the case of bar graphs or pie charts, to distinguish sets of data visually. Perceptual Coding Interaction Position Direct Manipulation X Immediate Feedback X Orientation Linked Displays X Texture Animate Shift of Focus Size X Shape Color X Dynamic Sliders X Shading Semantic Zoom Depth Cues Focus+Context X Surface Details-on-Demand X Motion Output Input X Stereo Proximity Similarity Continuity X Information Density Maximize Data-Ink Ratio Connectedness Maximize Data Density Closure Minimize Lie factor Containment X X

Cluster #2: Dashboards Tools in the Dashboards Cluster i. Dashboards (http: //www. idashboards. com/finance. shtml) See Stok Run (http: //seestokrun. com/)

Characteristics of Dashboard Tools Dashboard tools display a hemispherical icon which resembles the speedometer or tachometer displays found in the dashboards of automobiles. The ‘needles’ on these dashboard icons can display the relative placement of a data set between two extremes.

Model Dashboard Tool: i. Dashboards A demo of the i. Dashboards tool can be accessed from here: http: //www. idashboards. com/finance. shtml

IV Toolbox for i. Dashboards Perceptual Coding Interaction Position X Size x Immediate Feedback X Orientation x Linked Displays X Texture Animate Shift of Focus Shape There is virtually no use of the various methods of visually comparing data beyond the use of color and size, both of which are utilized primarily through the inclusion of charts and graphs. Additionally, these types of displays fail to include a semantic zoom or animate shift of focus. Direct Manipulation Color x Dynamic Sliders X Shading Semantic Zoom Depth Cues Focus+Context X Surface Details-on-Demand X Output Input X Motion x Stereo Proximity Information Density Similarity Maximize Data-Ink Ratio Continuity Connectedness Maximize Data Density Closure Minimize Lie factor Containment X

Cluster #3: Geographic Models Tools in the Geographic Models Cluster Finance Maps (http: //www. financemaps. com/) Visualization of Financial Information (http: //delivery. acm. org/10. 1145/280000/275532/ p 58 lux. pdf? key 1=275532&key 2=5657957021&c oll=GUIDE&dl=portal, ACM&CFID=23244455&C FTOKEN=49095553)

Characteristics of Geographic Model Tools § Geographic tools share the common feature of using a visual display in the form of a map or globe. The tools utilize color and position to display financial data for different countries or regions by mapping data directly onto an image of that country or those countries. Color is the primary feature of these particular tools which, on the whole, do not utilize many other preattentive or interactive features. Both tools are used to discuss global finances

Model Geographic Tool: Finance Maps is freely available from here: http: //www. financemaps. com/

IV Toolbox for Finance Maps These tools use hardly any of the visualization tool features which have been found to be useful. The displays are not linked to any kind of details, forcing the user to scroll down and find information on a chart rather than clicking on the map. The map is supposed to be manipulate-able, in so far as the user is supposed to be able to move it around, zoom in, and select items, but none of these features work with any reliability. Perceptual Coding Position Interaction x Direct Manipulation Size Immediate Feedback Orientation Linked Displays Texture Animate Shift of Focus Shape Color Shading Depth Cues Surface Motion x X Dynamic Sliders Semantic Zoom x Focus+Context Details-on-Demand Output Input Stereo Proximity Similarity Continuity Information Density Maximize Data-Ink Ratio Connectedness Maximize Data Density Closure Minimize Lie factor Containment X

Cluster #4: Treemaps Tools in the Treemaps Cluster: Heat. Maps (http: //www. ssctech. com/assetmanagement/heatmaps/) Market Maps (https: //ecommerce. smartmoney. com/ecommerce/login? url=%2 Fmarketmap%2 Findex. cfm%3 Fselectpromocode %3 D 1%26 adv%3 Dtools%26 advtype%3 Dmarketmap 100 0&host=selectdl. smartmoney. com) Minority Game’ Agent Based Visualizer (http: //ideas. repec. org/p/scecf 5/468. html)

Characteristics of Treemap Tools Tree maps break data down into groups which are then visually arranged as rectangles, which are then colored and arranged onto a rectangular display so as to allow the user to visually recognize patterns. Tree maps traditionally use color, shading, size, and position as pre-attentive features, and rely on the use of semantic zoom, focus in context and details-on-demand. They are used almost exclusively to view information about the Stock Market.

Model Treemap Tool: Market Maps 1000 https: //ecommerce. smartmoney. com/ecommerce/login? cm d=display. Landing&promo_page=map

IV Toolbox for Market Maps 1000 Market Maps and the other tree-map tools are among the most interactive tools examined. The market maps tool uses color, shading, position, proximity and similarity of the colored rectangular blocks to display patterns and similarities between market segments at a quick glance. By ‘driving down’ into the market map the user can find detailed information and bring out specifics quickly. Perceptual Coding Interaction Position x Direct Manipulation X Size X Immediate Feedback X Orientation Linked Displays X Texture Animate Shift of Focus X Dynamic Sliders X Semantic Zoom x Focus+Context X Details-on-Demand X Output Input X Shape Color x Shading X Depth Cues Surface Motion Stereo Proximity X Similarity X Information Density Maximize Data-Ink Ratio X Connectedness Maximize Data Density X Closure Minimize Lie factor X Continuity Containment

Cluster #5: Other Tools in the ‘other’ category: Financial Reminiscences (http: //ieeexplore. ieee. org/iel 5/7989/22105/0102 8864. pdf? arnumber=1028864) Spie Graphs (http: //216. 147. 93. 3/contact. htm) Ticks (http: //lineplot. com/expertise/thesis. html) Visual Trader (http: //www. visualtrader. com/)

Characteristics of Other Tools The fifth cluster identified for financial tools is also the second largest cluster. Most of the tools come close to fitting in to one or more of the other sections, but because of important differences were considered separately. Each will be discussed in greater detail below, and a perceptual coding toolbox will be filled out for each tool.

Financial Reminiscences http: //ieeexplore. ieee. org/iel 5/7989/22105/01028864. pdf? arnumber=1028864 Financial Reminiscences is a piece of ‘artwork’ generated using a method of rendering financial data. Read the short paper at the above website for a detailed explanation of how the image was created.

IV Toolbox for Financial Reminiscences hardly qualifies as a visualization tool, based on the listing of features from the toolbox. There is no interactivity available with the tool, which really only is a method for creating a static display. It does utilize preattentive visual features, but by randomly and densely mixing the data together much of the comparison value is lost, as is the ability of the viewer to get detailed information Perceptual Coding Interaction Position Direct Manipulation Size Immediate Feedback Orientation Linked Displays Texture x Shape Color Shading Depth Cues Surface Motion x Animate Shift of Focus Dynamic Sliders Semantic Zoom Focus+Context Details-on-Demand Output Input Stereo Proximity Similarity Continuity Information Density Maximize Data-Ink Ratio Connectedness Maximize Data Density Closure Minimize Lie factor Containment X

Spie Graphs http: //216. 147. 93. 3/contact. htm - click to the left for a video demonstration

IV Toolbox for Spie Graphs is unique among insofar as it is the first to use more perceptual coding features than interactive features. On the whole, through the use of depth cues, color, and shape, Spie Graphs is able to pack in a great deal of data into a single chart. These charts can then be compared, but not manipulated directly. Spie Graphs could plausibly have been included within the cluster ‘chart making tools’ but was not because it is the only tool examined which utilizes depth cues. Perceptual Coding Interaction Position Size Direct Manipulation x Immediate Feedback Orientation Linked Displays Texture Animate Shift of Focus Shape x Color x Shading Depth Cues x Surface x Dynamic Sliders Semantic Zoom x Focus+Context x Details-on-Demand x Output Input Motion Stereo Information Density Proximity Maximize Data-Ink Ratio X Connectedness Maximize Data Density x Closure Minimize Lie factor x Similarity Continuity Containment x

Ticks http: //lineplot. com/gallery/tick-gallery. html click to the right for a video demonstration

IV Toolbox for Ticks, used solely as a tool for mapping the motion of the stock market, uses an even mix of visual encoding and interactivity, although on the whole it suffers from a lack of specificity. It does not show actual numbers, from what can be ascertained by reading the documentation, and does not allow for semantic zooming. The tool is also the only tool to utilize animation features in order to keep up to date in real time, a feature which is to be particularly valued in the volatile realm of financial data. Perceptual Coding Interaction Position x Direct Manipulation Size x Immediate Feedback x Orientation x Linked Displays x Animate Shift of Focus x Texture Shape x Color x Shading x Depth Cues Semantic Zoom Focus+Context Details-on-Demand Surface Motion Dynamic Sliders x Output Input x Stereo Information Density Proximity Maximize Data-Ink Ratio X Connectedness Maximize Data Density x Closure Minimize Lie factor x Similarity Continuity Containment x

Visual Trader http: //www. visualtrader. com/ - click the link in the center of the page to watch a demonstration of the tool

IV Toolbox for Visual Trader uses the most visualization features from any of the three examined categories and combines them into a highly interactive, visually appealing, and useful tool. While it is only used for the stock market, a platform similar to this one could plausibly be developed for personal or corporate finances. The display features show data in multiple ways, allowing users to find many different patterns and trends. Perceptual Coding Interaction Position x Direct Manipulation x Size x Immediate Feedback x Orientation Linked Displays x Texture Animate Shift of Focus x Dynamic Sliders x Semantic Zoom x Focus+Context x Details-on-Demand x Output Input x Shape x Color x Shading Depth Cues x Surface Motion x Stereo Proximity x Similarity x Information Density Maximize Data-Ink Ratio X Connectedness Maximize Data Density x Closure Minimize Lie factor x Continuity Containment

Clusters and Data Sets Tool Cluster Financial data best represented thereby Chart Making Tools Personal Finance Geographic Tools Global Finance Dashboard Tools Personal/Corporate Finance Tree Maps Stock Market

Best Tools In terms of Visualization Features, the best tool for each data set seems to be: § Personal/Corporate Finance: Spie Graphs § Stock Market: Visual Trader

Conclusions We may conclude from these reviews that most tools do not make substantial use of preattentive features and rely instead on interaction and linked displays. The best tools for the respective domains of personal/corporate finance and the stock market are tools from the Other category which utilize both interaction and pre-attentive features.

Conclusions, Cont. Perhaps because of the need for detailed information updated in real time, financial data is more often described using conventional chart and graphing software and, where visualization methods are utilized, they predominantly do not take advantage of the preattentive features of the human visual system. This represents a great opening in terms of future research and development of visualization tools, for those tools which do take advantage of these visual features are in a position to more quickly, efficiently and effectively monitor, track and display financial information.

Bibliography § All websites and electronic documents were retrieved on April 25 th, 2008. § Animated Equity, LLC. (2008). See Stok Run 3. 0: Animated stock market. Retrieved from http: //seestokrun. com/ § Chang, R. et al. (2007). Wire. Vis: Visualization of Categorical, Time-Varying Data § Expensr, Inc. (2007). Expensr. com: where did all my money go? Retrieved from https: //www. expensr. com/index. php. § Finance. Maps. com (2004). Finance Maps: mapping the major equity market changes over the last 52 weeks. Retrieved from http: //www. financemaps. com/ § Graph. Wise, LLC. (2007). Graphwise. Retrieved from http: //www. graphwise. com/. § i. Dashboards. (2007). Financial Solutions. Retrieved from § Information Builders (2007). Data visualization tools from information builders. Retrieved from http: //www. informationbuilders. com/products/webfocus/data_visualization. html § Nirvana Systems. (2008). Visual Trader. Retrieved from http: //www. visualtrader. com/index. asp § Page, J. (2008). Spie Graphs. Retrieved from http: //216. 147. 93. 3/contact. htm § Roberts, P. (2007). Information Visualization for Stock Market Ticks: toward a new trading interface. (Masters Thesis, MIT University, 2007). Retrieved from http: //lineplot. com/expertise/thesis. html. § From Financial Transactions. From IEEE symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, 2007, pp. 155 - 167. Retrieved from http: //www. viscenter. uncc. edu/Technical. Reports/CVC-UNCC-07 -13. pdf http: //www. idashboards. com/finance. shtml

Bibliography, cont. § Saito, Y. (2002). Financial Reminiscences: An example of art based on information visualization in finance. In the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2002. Retrieved from http: //ieeexplore. ieee. org/iel 5/7989/22105/01028864. pdf? arnumber=1028864 § Smart. Money. com. (2008). Market Maps 1000. Retrieved from https: //ecommerce. smartmoney. com/ecommerce/login? url=%2 Fmarketmap%2 Findex. cfm%3 Fselectprom ocode%3 D 1%26 adv%3 Dtools%26 advtype%3 Dmarketmap 1000&host=selectdl. smartmoney. com § SS&C Technologies, Inc. (2008). Heatmaps. Retrieved from http: //www. ssctech. com/assetmanagement/heatmaps/ § Varshney, A. & Kaufman, A. (1996). FINESSE: A Financial Information Spreadsheet. Retrieved from http: //ieeexplore. ieee. org/iel 3/4136/12180/00559222. pdf. § Tibco. (2008). Guided Enterprise analytic solutions: Tibco - Spot. Fire. Retrieved from http: //spotfire. tibco. com/solutions/index. cfm § Visual. Calc, Inc. (2008). Visual Calc: Pre-Figured calculators. Retrieved from http: //www. visualcalc. com/products_cnstl_fc. htm § Waddilove, R. (2008). Share Cracker reviews and free downloads. Retrieved from http: //share-cracker. rolandwaddilove. qarchive. org/ § Wei Jiange (2005). Information Visualization Of An Agent-Based Financial System Model. in Economics and Finance, 468. Retrieved from http: //ideas. repec. org/p/scecf 5/468. html § Wessel, W. (2007). Grisbi Graphs. Retrieved from http: //grisbi. weasel. nl/ Computing