The Pharmacy Technician FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICES Chapter 1

Figure 1. 2 Ancient humans and medicine. (Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images

Ancient Mesopotamia • Earliest known record of apothecary • • practice, approximately 2, 600

Ancient China • Legendary Emperor Shen Nung • • researched the medicinal value of

Ancient Egypt • Two classifications of workers: echelons • • and chiefs of fabrication

Papyrus Ebers • Most important ancient pharmaceutical • • record Written in 1, 500

Ancient India • The Charaka Samhita recorded more than • • 2, 000 drugs

Ancient Greece • Terra Sigilata, or "sealed earth", was the • • first therapeutic

Theophrastus • One of the greatest early Greek • • • philosophers and natural

Use slide of Figure 1. 3, “Hippocrates of Cos, ” from the textbook Figure

Hippocrates • Greek physician who lived between 460 • • • BCE and 377

Hippocrates (cont. ) • Published more than 70 writings related to • the practice

Theory of Humors • Connects personal health to harmony • among four bodily fluids,

Ancient Rome • Mithridates VI developed poisons, • • preventives, and treatments around 100

Galen • Practiced and taught both pharmacy and • • medicine during 130– 200

Use slide of Figure 1. 4, “The first apothecaries, ” from the textbook Figure

Development of the Apothecary • In 8 th century, Arab practitioners • • •

Use slide of Figure 1. 5, “The first pharmacopoeia, ” from the textbook Figure

Development of the Pharmacopeia • The first pharmacopeia, the Nuovo • Receptario, was published

The First Anglo-Saxon Organization for Pharmacists • The Guild of Grocers monopolized trade in

The First Apothecary in the American Colonies • Apothecaries from Europe were largely •

The First Apothecary in the American Colonies (cont. ) • In 1640, Winthrop began

The 18 th Century • America’s first female pharmacist, • Elizabeth Marshall America’s first

The 18 th Century (cont. ) • John Morgan, pharmacist and physician – Advocated

The 18 th Century (cont. ) • America’s first Apothecary General, Andrew Craigie –

The 19 th century • America’s first college of pharmacy, the • Philadelphia College

Use slide of Figure 1. 6, “The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.

The 19 th century (cont. ) • The father of American pharmacy, William Procter,

The 19 th century (cont. ) • The United States Pharmacopoeia – Published in

The 20 th century • The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education – Founded in

Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role • The traditional era (1900– 1930): • formulating and

Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role (cont. ) • The Clinical Era (1960– 1990): pharmacists

Biotechnology • Drugs are produced using living organisms • such as yeast, bacteria, or

Biotechnology (cont. ) • The majority are manufactured through recombinant DNA technology – The

Use slide of Figure 1. 7, “DNA and pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy, ”

Pharmacogenomics • Predicts whether a patient will have a • • • severe, negative

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The Pharmacy Technician FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICES Chapter 1 History of Pharmacy Practice The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 1. 2 Ancient humans and medicine. (Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved. ) The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ancient Mesopotamia • Earliest known record of apothecary • • practice, approximately 2, 600 BCE Healers combined roles of priest, pharmacist, and physician Clay tablets recorded symptoms of illness, prescriptions, and instructions for compounding remedies The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ancient China • Legendary Emperor Shen Nung • • researched the medicinal value of herbs, testing many of them on himself, approximately 2, 000 BCE Shen Nung wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs In modern times, Shen Nung is still worshipped as the patron god of Chinese drug guilds The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ancient Egypt • Two classifications of workers: echelons • • and chiefs of fabrication Echelons were gatherers and preparers of drugs, similar to modern pharmacy technicians Chiefs of fabrication were the head pharmacists The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Papyrus Ebers • Most important ancient pharmaceutical • • record Written in 1, 500 BCE A collection of 800 prescriptions; specifically mentions 700 unique drugs The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ancient India • The Charaka Samhita recorded more than • • 2, 000 drugs Written as early as 1, 000 BCE Meaning “compendium of wandering physicians, ” the Charaka Samhita was the work of multiple authors The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ancient Greece • Terra Sigilata, or "sealed earth", was the • • first therapeutic agent to bear a trademark Originated in Greece before 500 BCE Composed of sacred clay that was blessed, refined, shaped into uniform tablets, impressed with an official seal, sun -dried, and then distributed commercially The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Theophrastus • One of the greatest early Greek • • • philosophers and natural scientists Observed and wrote extensively on the medicinal qualities of herbs Known as the father of botany His unusually accurate observations and writings date to about 300 BCE The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Use slide of Figure 1. 3, “Hippocrates of Cos, ” from the textbook Figure 1. 3 Hippocrates of Cos. (Stock Montage/Hulton Archive/Getty Images. ) The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Hippocrates • Greek physician who lived between 460 • • • BCE and 377 BCE Known as the father of medicine Commonly regarded as one of the most notable figures in medicine of all time Rejected the widely held views that illness was connected to mystic or demonic forces and positioned medicine as a branch of science The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Hippocrates (cont. ) • Published more than 70 writings related to • the practice of medicine and apothecary Hippocratic Oath: physicians pledge to “do no harm” The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Theory of Humors • Connects personal health to harmony • among four bodily fluids, known as humors Each humor also related to a mood or personality characteristic – – Blood (happiness) Phlegm (lethargy) Yellow bile (irritability) Dark or “black” bile (melancholy) The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ancient Rome • Mithridates VI developed poisons, • • preventives, and treatments around 100 BCE Used himself and prisoners as subjects on which to test poisons and antidotes During the first century CE, Pedanios Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica, which was used by medical professionals as late as the sixteenth century The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Galen • Practiced and taught both pharmacy and • • medicine during 130– 200 CE His principles of preparing and compounding medicines reigned in the Western world for 1, 500 years His name still is associated with the class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means: galenicals The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Use slide of Figure 1. 4, “The first apothecaries, ” from the textbook Figure 1. 4 The first apothecaries. (Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved. ) The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Development of the Apothecary • In 8 th century, Arab practitioners • • • separated the arts of the apothecary and physician The first apothecaries, or privately owned drug stores, appeared in Baghdad Arab apothecaries developed new medicines Traveling Muslims brought the new system of pharmacy to Europe and Africa The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Use slide of Figure 1. 5, “The first pharmacopoeia, ” from the textbook Figure 1. 5 The first pharmacopoeia. (Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved. ) The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Development of the Pharmacopeia • The first pharmacopeia, the Nuovo • Receptario, was published in Florence, Italy, in 1498 One of the earliest constructive collaborations between the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The First Anglo-Saxon Organization for Pharmacists • The Guild of Grocers monopolized trade in • drugs and spices In 1617, King James I formed a separate company for apothecaries The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The First Apothecary in the American Colonies • Apothecaries from Europe were largely • unwilling to emigrate to the American colonies John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of Boston, sought advice from English apothecaries and physicians The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The First Apothecary in the American Colonies (cont. ) • In 1640, Winthrop began selling imported European medicines and medicines derived from native New England plants The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The 18 th Century • America’s first female pharmacist, • Elizabeth Marshall America’s first hospital, Philadelphia, 1751 – Founded by Benjamin Franklin – The hospital’s pharmacy began operations in 1752 The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The 18 th Century (cont. ) • John Morgan, pharmacist and physician – Advocated written prescriptions – Advocated for the independent practice of the two professions The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The 18 th Century (cont. ) • America’s first Apothecary General, Andrew Craigie – Duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the Army's drugs – Also developed an early pharmaceutical wholesaling and manufacturing business The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The 19 th century • America’s first college of pharmacy, the • Philadelphia College of Pharmacy The American Pharmaceutical Association – Founded to meet the needs for better intercommunication among pharmacists – Set standards for education and apprenticeship – Began quality control over imported drugs The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Use slide of Figure 1. 6, “The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr. , ” from textbook Figure 1. 6 The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr. (Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved. ) The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The 19 th century (cont. ) • The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr. – Graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837 – Operated a retail pharmacy – Served as professor of pharmacy for 20 years – Was a leader in founding the American Pharmaceutical Association – Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy for 22 years The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The 19 th century (cont. ) • The United States Pharmacopoeia – Published in 1820 – First book of drug standards to achieve national acceptance • The father of modern genetics, Gregor Mendel The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

The 20 th century • The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education – Founded in 1932 to establish standards for pharmacy education – Initially established standards for baccalaureate degree in pharmacy; added the doctor of pharmacy standards as an alternative The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role • The traditional era (1900– 1930): • formulating and dispensing drugs derived from natural sources The scientific era (1930– 1960): development of new drugs; scientific testing; mass production of synthetic drugs and antibiotics The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role (cont. ) • The Clinical Era (1960– 1990): pharmacists • expected to dispense drug information, warnings, advice, and suggestions to patients The Pharmaceutical Care Era (current era): practice of pharmacy focused on ensuring positive outcomes for drugrelated therapies The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Biotechnology • Drugs are produced using living organisms • such as yeast, bacteria, or mammalian cells The majority are manufactured through recombinant DNA technology – A human gene capable of triggering specific protein production is inserted into a living organism and cultured in a laboratory The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Biotechnology (cont. ) • The majority are manufactured through recombinant DNA technology – The organism incorporates the gene into its cell structure, and begins producing the desired protein (drug) • The majority of drugs being so developed are tested for use in the treatment of cancer or cancer-related conditions The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Use slide of Figure 1. 7, “DNA and pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy, ” from the textbook Figure 1. 7 DNA and pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pharmacogenomics • Predicts whether a patient will have a • • • severe, negative reaction to a prescribed medication Simple, rapid DNA test used May aid in selection of better medications for patient Still in development The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

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