The Pharmacy Technician Chapter 1 History Five Historical

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The Pharmacy Technician: Chapter 1 History

The Pharmacy Technician: Chapter 1 History

Five Historical Periods Ø Ancient Era: The beginning of time to 1600 AD Ø

Five Historical Periods Ø Ancient Era: The beginning of time to 1600 AD Ø Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940 Ø Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970 Ø Patient Care Era: 1970 to present Ø Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The new horizon 2

The Ancient Era Ø Leaves, mud, and cool water were used to stop bleeding

The Ancient Era Ø Leaves, mud, and cool water were used to stop bleeding and heal wounds Ø Early man learned from watching injured animals’ behaviors 3

Ancient Era Ø Knowledge of materials with healing properties was passed down through the

Ancient Era Ø Knowledge of materials with healing properties was passed down through the tribes Ø Medical information was documented on clay tablets around 2600 BC 4

The Beginnings of Pharmacy Ø The Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 BC, contained formulas

The Beginnings of Pharmacy Ø The Ebers Papyrus, written around 1500 BC, contained formulas for more than 800 remedies Ø Each tribe had a designated person who was the equivalent of a priest, pharmacist, and physician all in one 5

The Beginnings of Pharmacy Ø The earliest known record of the practice of pharmacy

The Beginnings of Pharmacy Ø The earliest known record of the practice of pharmacy occurred in Mesopotamia around 2600 BC. Ø Herbs were the predominant form of curatives 6

The Greeks Ø Hippocrates, the “father of medicine, ” liberated medicine from the belief

The Greeks Ø Hippocrates, the “father of medicine, ” liberated medicine from the belief that disease was caused by spiritual reasons Ø Theophrastus, the “father of botany, ” classified plants by their various parts 7

The Greeks Ø Mithridates studied the adverse effects of plants and later became known

The Greeks Ø Mithridates studied the adverse effects of plants and later became known as the “father of toxicology” 8

The Romans Ø The Romans organized medical and pharmaceutical knowledge and converted theories into

The Romans Ø The Romans organized medical and pharmaceutical knowledge and converted theories into scientific rules Ø The Romans, as well as the Greeks, were responsible for preparing their own prescriptions 9

The Romans Ø The Romans initiated the first job titles of various pharmacy-related personnel

The Romans Ø The Romans initiated the first job titles of various pharmacy-related personnel 10

Other Pioneers Ø Dioscorides began the transition of the Greek system of knowledge into

Other Pioneers Ø Dioscorides began the transition of the Greek system of knowledge into the Roman system of science; he is known as the “father of pharmacology” 11

Other Pioneers Ø Galen, a Greek physician, wrote “On the Art of Healing, ”

Other Pioneers Ø Galen, a Greek physician, wrote “On the Art of Healing, ” and was very critical of physicians who did not prepare their own remedies Ø Cosmos and Damien, the patron saints of pharmacy and medicine, practiced both disciplines around 300 AD 12

Roman Pharmacy Titles Ø Pharmacopeia — makers of remedies Ø Pharmacotritae — drug grinders

Roman Pharmacy Titles Ø Pharmacopeia — makers of remedies Ø Pharmacotritae — drug grinders Ø Unguentarii — makers of ointments Ø Pigmentarii –— makers of cosmetics Ø Pharmacopolae — sellers of drugs Ø Aromatarii — dealers in spices 13

The Arabian Influence Ø Formularies — continuation of documentation of drug information Ø Dosage

The Arabian Influence Ø Formularies — continuation of documentation of drug information Ø Dosage forms — syrups, conserves, confections, and juleps 14

The Arabian Influence Ø Pharmacy shops — first appeared in Baghdad around 762 AD,

The Arabian Influence Ø Pharmacy shops — first appeared in Baghdad around 762 AD, and were privately owned Ø Hospital pharmacies followed in Marrakech around 1190 AD 15

The Italian Influence Ø Europe’s first university was established in Salerno, and was responsible

The Italian Influence Ø Europe’s first university was established in Salerno, and was responsible for major contributions to pharmacy and medicine Ø The Magna Carta of Pharmacy, separating pharmacy from medicine, was issued by Emperor Frederick II Ø Guilds of pharmacists were established 16

New Ideas Ø A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, contradicted the Galenic theories of botanical orientation

New Ideas Ø A Swiss physician, Paracelsus, contradicted the Galenic theories of botanical orientation to medicine with his own theories based on chemicals 17

New Ideas Ø Monasteries became host to their own pharmacies Ø Germany became the

New Ideas Ø Monasteries became host to their own pharmacies Ø Germany became the first to governmentally regulate its pharmacies 18

The Influence of Royalty Ø Pharmacists who worked for royal families provided specialized services,

The Influence of Royalty Ø Pharmacists who worked for royal families provided specialized services, and were known as apothecaries Ø New medicinal herbal substances, plants, trees, and seeds began to be used Ø Better documentation of this new knowledge began to occur 19

The Renaissance Ø Pharmacy became separated from medicine Ø Pharmacy regulation began Ø University

The Renaissance Ø Pharmacy became separated from medicine Ø Pharmacy regulation began Ø University education of pharmacists was now required 20

The Renaissance Ø Larger quantities of known and new drugs were imported from the

The Renaissance Ø Larger quantities of known and new drugs were imported from the New World and the Orient Ø New chemical medicines were introduced 21

The Empiric Era Ø Pharmacopeias became the regulatory tools of government, with standardized medicines

The Empiric Era Ø Pharmacopeias became the regulatory tools of government, with standardized medicines listed Ø Existing medications were questioned and tested as to their actual effectiveness 22

The Empiric Era Ø In the 18 th century, pharmacy began to develop in

The Empiric Era Ø In the 18 th century, pharmacy began to develop in the colonies of the New World Ø In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital in America 23

The Empiric Era Ø The first hospital pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts Ø William Proctor

The Empiric Era Ø The first hospital pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts Ø William Proctor introduced control into the practice of pharmacy in the New World 24

Drugs Discovered in the 19 th Century Ø Quinine Ø Adrenalin Ø Caffeine Ø

Drugs Discovered in the 19 th Century Ø Quinine Ø Adrenalin Ø Caffeine Ø Penicillin Ø Morphine Ø Phenobarbital Ø Codeine Ø Testosterone Ø Niacin 25

The Industrialization Era Ø Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began centralized manufacturing of

The Industrialization Era Ø Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began centralized manufacturing of medicinal preparations 26

The Industrialization Era Ø The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows:

The Industrialization Era Ø The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows: l l Formative (1867) Botanical (1875) Standardization (1882) Organic Chemicals (1883) 27

The Industrialization Era l l Biological (1895) Hormones (1901) Vitamins (1909) Antibiotics (1940) 28

The Industrialization Era l l Biological (1895) Hormones (1901) Vitamins (1909) Antibiotics (1940) 28

The Growth of Industrialization Ø Large amounts of war-related injuries required industrial manufacturing in

The Growth of Industrialization Ø Large amounts of war-related injuries required industrial manufacturing in order to meet the need for pharmaceutical products Ø Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization of manufacturing 29

The Growth of Industrialization Ø Industrialization brought about biologically prepared products, complex chemical synthesis,

The Growth of Industrialization Ø Industrialization brought about biologically prepared products, complex chemical synthesis, increased use of parenteral medications, and standardized manufacturing 30

Retail Pharmacy Ø The pharmaceutical industry created new needs, to the advantage of retail

Retail Pharmacy Ø The pharmaceutical industry created new needs, to the advantage of retail pharmacy Ø Retail pharmacy has proved to be indispensable and irreplaceable as the fitting and distributing agency of medicinal products 31

Retail Pharmacy Ø Manufacturing and retail pharmacy are two branches of the same tree

Retail Pharmacy Ø Manufacturing and retail pharmacy are two branches of the same tree 32

The Patient Care Era Ø Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use

The Patient Care Era Ø Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use of computers Ø Increased number of available medicines 33

The Patient Care Era Ø Well-coordinated teams of scientists with other professions such as

The Patient Care Era Ø Well-coordinated teams of scientists with other professions such as statisticians and financial managers Ø Multiple drug therapy, however, led to adverse reactions, interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were greater or less than desired 34

Patient-Focused Drug Therapy Ø Also thought of as drug control or drug monitoring Ø

Patient-Focused Drug Therapy Ø Also thought of as drug control or drug monitoring Ø C. D. Hepler established the concept of pharmaceutical care around 1988 Ø A pharmacist’s education must now focus on human behavior as it relates to providing practiced, patient-focused care 35

The New Horizon Ø Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has greatly increased

The New Horizon Ø Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has greatly increased Ø Recombinant DNA technology is producing new medications based on the patient’s genetic make-up 36

The New Horizon Ø Some medications that come from natural sources, such as insulin,

The New Horizon Ø Some medications that come from natural sources, such as insulin, are prone to producing allergies Ø Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of cures for major diseases, such as cancer 37