Seeking New Avenues Age of Exploration and Colonization

Seeking New Avenues Age of Exploration and Colonization

Polynesian Migrations

Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371 -1435

Voyages of Zheng He (Ming Dynasty)

Motives in the Age of Exploration n Attracted to East for silks and spices n Difficult to trade with Islamic empires n 1453 Byzantine Empire fell to Turks n Desire for wealth and adventure n Religious zeal - save souls n Summary n Gold, Glory and God

Improvements in Navigation n Better maps, follow coasts n n at first, used compass better ships - square sails and new hull design, heavy enough to carry canon use of astrolabe - magnetic compass sail by stars knowledge of wind patterns First the Portuguese (Prince Henry) then Spanish, France and England

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

Portuguese Explorers n Portugal had natural n n environmental advantage Prince Henry - 1460 looking for trade and an ally against the Muslims/ Congo – founded navigation school Diaz- made it to Cape of Good Hope 1488 Vasco de Gama - went in search of Christians and spices - arrived in India 1510 Portuguese flags in Goa, India and Macao, China

Effects of Portuguese Exploration n Financial gain from slaves and gold in Sub- Saharan Africa. n Dias and Vasco De Gama rounded tip of Africa and established trading relations with India.

The Spanish n Believed had to be a short n n cut by sailing West Columbus - (Genoan) went west 1492 Arrived in Caribbean thought it was the Indies thus the West Indies Magellan - around the world East and West divided Pope drew a line for Spain and Portugal to divide exploration.

Christopher Columbus n This Italian who sailed for Spain would change the world forever. n On October 12, 1492, Columbus’s expedition sees land. n This will open the Western Hemisphere to European colonization.

Ferdinand Magellan n Magellan will attempt to circumnavigate the globe or sail around the world. n With 250 men & five ships, he sailed past South America into the Pacific. n They ran out of food & drinking water and were months at sea without seeing land.

Around the World! n They had lost men and ships to disease, starvation and war. n When they returned to Spain in 1522, only 18 men & one ship remained. n It was three years after they had left.

Portuguese and African and Asian Encounters n W. Africa- Exported gold and Slaves for Portuguese goods. n E. Africa- Portuguese support Ethiopia in war against Muslim forces. n Portuguese dominated Indian Ocean Trade – captured Malacca and set up a port in South China (Macao) n Maritime Empire, not colonies!

Other Voyages of Exploration

Colonial Empire n A colony is land that is n n n controlled by another country. The advantages of a colony are… 1. Gold. 2. Raw materials. 3. Markets. 4. Military advantage. 5. Soldiers

Pattern of Contact n Spain & Portugal begin by trading n Armed conflict - Europeans had cannon n Set up trading partners - some stay to protect partners and Europeans n All made alliances with local leaders n Dutch and English less apt to become involved with culture/religion n Developed mercantilism- take raw materials from colony- buy finished products form Europe.

Atlantic Explorations

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

Gold n Cortes introduces the first horses to North America. n His appearance on a horse gives him a God like image. n The Aztec shower him with gold, but he wants more.

Cortes’s War n The Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish conquistadors. n Cortes superior weaponry, alliances with local tribes & disease helped Cortes defeat the Aztecs. n Montezuma II dies in prison n Mexico’s population goes from 25. 3 million in 1520 to 1 million in 1600.

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

Francisco Pizarro n Pizarro and two hundred men defeat the Incan Empire in Peru. n They defeated a force of 30, 000 men & kidnapped the Incan King, Atahualpa. n Pizarro received a hefty ransom, but murdered the King anyway.

Chapter 17 PPT Notes

Spanish Conquest n The labor system for Spanish colonies was called encomienda. n Local populations were forced to farm, mine & ranch for their Spanish masters. n This led to an abusive existence for most laborers.

Spanish Colonization

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Social Classes of Spanish colonies. n Peninsulares - Men n n born in Spain who run the colonies. Mestizo - Spanish and Native American mix. Natives Mulattos - European & African mix. Slaves

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpo v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria v Diptheria v Whooping Cough x

European Empires in the Americas

Slave Trade n Portuguese - trade with Africa - To Portugal as n n servants than to Brazil to work on plantations Encomienda system ends (natives died, missionaries) Africans less susceptible to European diseases that Native Americans But death rate was high 13 -30% just on the trip African middlemen active - depopulate entire areas of Africa - food from Americas helped increase birthrate

Spice Trade-East Indies n Very important to n n Europeans- made food palatable Portuguese again led the way Spain in the Philippinesstayed till 1898 Dutch East India Company very aggressive - competed with British East India Company Both dominated the East Indies and India

Impact on World by European Contact n Purpose was to serve the homeland weather it was slaves, furs, cotton, fish, spices, tobacco, gold or silver. Colonies improved the lives of Europeans greatly, at the expense of the native and African populations. n In the Americas n More intermarriage by Spanish /Portuguese and French n Disease was devastating. Measles, influenza, smallpox n Violence and rebellions common

The World Dominated by Europe(cont) n Spain creates an empire in Meso-America and South America. n Portugal dominates Indian ocean trade n England colonizes North America 17 th century.

New Colonial Rivals